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. 2021 Dec 15;9:e12537. doi: 10.7717/peerj.12537

Table 3. Presence of muscles and citations on which muscle homology and muscle reconstructions are based on of extant Testudines, Crocodylia, and Lepidosauria. No citation = muscle not present in the respective taxon.

Muscle Testudines Crocodylia Lepidosauria
fore limb
m. latissimus dorsi (+ teres major) Walker, 1973 Meers, 2003; Suzuki & Hayashi, 2010 Russell & Bauer, 2008; Zaaf et al., 1999
m. subcoracoscapularis Walker, 1973 Meers, 2003; Suzuki & Hayashi, 2010 Russell & Bauer, 2008; Anzai et al., 2014
m. scapulohumeralis posterior Meers, 2003; Suzuki & Hayashi, 2010 Russell & Bauer, 2008; Zaaf et al., 1999; Jenkins & Goslow, 1983
m. deltoideus clavicularis Walker, 1973, Wyneken, 2001 Meers, 2003; Suzuki & Hayashi, 2010 Russell & Bauer, 2008; Zaaf et al., 1999; Anzai et al., 2014
m. deltoideus scapularis Walker, 1973 Meers, 2003; Suzuki & Hayashi, 2010 Russell & Bauer, 2008; Zaaf et al., 1999; Anzai et al., 2014
m. triceps brachii Walker, 1973 Meers, 2003; Suzuki & Hayashi, 2010 Russell & Bauer, 2008; Zaaf et al., 1999; Jenkins & Goslow, 1983; Anzai et al., 2014
m. pectoralis Walker, 1973 Meers, 2003; Suzuki & Hayashi, 2010 Russell & Bauer, 2008; Zaaf et al., 1999; Anzai et al., 2014
m. supracoracoideus Walker, 1973 Meers, 2003; Suzuki & Hayashi, 2010 Russell & Bauer, 2008
m. coracobrachialis brevis Walker, 1973, Abdala et al., 2014 Meers, 2003; Suzuki & Hayashi, 2010 Russell & Bauer, 2008; Zaaf et al., 1999
m. coracobrachialis longus Walker, 1973 Meers, 2003; Suzuki & Hayashi, 2010 Russell & Bauer, 2008; Zaaf et al., 1999; Anzai et al., 2014; Jenkins & Goslow, 1983
m. biceps brachii + brachialis Walker, 1973 Meers, 2003; Suzuki & Hayashi, 2010 Russell & Bauer, 2008; Zaaf et al., 1999; Anzai et al., 2014
m. extensor carpi ulnaris Walker, 1973 Meers, 2003; Suzuki & Hayashi, 2010 Russell & Bauer, 2008
m. extensor digitorum communis Walker, 1973; Abdala, Manzano & Herrel, 2008 Meers, 2003; Suzuki & Hayashi, 2010 Russell & Bauer, 2008
m. supinator longus and extensor carpi radialis Walker, 1973 Meers, 2003; Suzuki & Hayashi, 2010 Russell & Bauer, 2008
m. supinator manus Walker, 1973 Meers, 2003; Suzuki & Hayashi, 2010 Russell & Bauer, 2008
m. pronator teres Walker, 1973; Abdala, Manzano & Herrel, 2008 Meers, 2003; Suzuki & Hayashi, 2010 Russell & Bauer, 2008
m. flexor carpi ulnaris Walker, 1973 Meers, 2003; Suzuki & Hayashi, 2010 Russell & Bauer, 2008
m. flexor digitorum longus (and flexores digitorum superficialis) Walker, 1973; Abdala, Manzano & Herrel, 2008 Meers, 2003; Suzuki & Hayashi, 2010 Russell & Bauer, 2008
m. flexor carpi radialis Walker, 1973 Russell & Bauer, 2008
mm. extensores digitores breves superficialis and profundi Walker, 1973; Abdala, Manzano & Herrel, 2008 Meers, 2003 Russell & Bauer, 2008
m. abductor digiti V Walker, 1973; Abdala, Manzano & Herrel, 2008 Meers, 2003 Russell & Bauer, 2008
m. abductor pollicis brevis Walker, 1973; Abdala, Manzano & Herrel, 2008 Meers, 2003 Russell & Bauer, 2008
m. adductor digiti minimi Walker, 1973; Abdala, Manzano & Herrel, 2008 Meers, 2003 Russell & Bauer, 2008
hind limb
m. iliotibialis Walker, 1973, Zug, 1971 Romer, 1923; Otero, Gallina & Herrera, 2010; Suzuki et al., 2011, Gatesy, 1997 Snyder, 1954; Russell & Bauer, 2008
m. femorotibialis Walker, 1973, Zug, 1971 Romer, 1923; Otero, Gallina & Herrera, 2010; Suzuki et al., 2011, Gatesy, 1997 Snyder, 1954; Russell & Bauer, 2008
m. ambiens Walker, 1973, Zug, 1971 Romer, 1923; Otero, Gallina & Herrera, 2010; Suzuki et al., 2011 Snyder, 1954; Russell & Bauer, 2008
m. iliofibularis Walker, 1973, Zug, 1971 Romer, 1923; Otero, Gallina & Herrera, 2010; Suzuki et al., 2011, Gatesy, 1997 Snyder, 1954; Russell & Bauer, 2008
m. iliofemoralis Walker, 1973, Zug, 1971 Romer, 1923; Otero, Gallina & Herrera, 2010; Suzuki et al., 2011, Gatesy, 1997 Snyder, 1954; Russell & Bauer, 2008
m. puboischiofemoralis internus Walker, 1973, Zug, 1971 Romer, 1923; Otero, Gallina & Herrera, 2010; Suzuki et al., 2011, Gatesy, 1997 Snyder, 1954; Russell & Bauer, 2008
m. puboischiotibialis Walker, 1973, Zug, 1971 Romer, 1923; Otero, Gallina & Herrera, 2010; Suzuki et al., 2011, Gatesy, 1997 Snyder, 1954; Russell & Bauer, 2008
m. pubotibialis Walker, 1973, Zug, 1971 Snyder, 1954; Russell & Bauer, 2008
m. flexor tibialis internus Walker, 1973, Zug, 1971 Romer, 1923; Otero, Gallina & Herrera, 2010; Suzuki et al., 2011, Gatesy, 1997 Snyder, 1954; Russell & Bauer, 2008
m. flexor tibialis externus Walker, 1973, Zug, 1971 Romer, 1923; Otero, Gallina & Herrera, 2010; Suzuki et al., 2011, Gatesy, 1997 Snyder, 1954; Russell & Bauer, 2008
m. caudifemoralis brevis Walker, 1973, Zug, 1971 Romer, 1923; Otero, Gallina & Herrera, 2010; Suzuki et al., 2011, Gatesy, 1997 Snyder, 1954; Russell & Bauer, 2008
m. caudifemoralis longus Romer, 1923; Otero, Gallina & Herrera, 2010; Suzuki et al., 2011, Gatesy, 1997 Snyder, 1954; Russell & Bauer, 2008
m. ischiotrochantericus Walker, 1973, Zug, 1971 Romer, 1923; Otero, Gallina & Herrera, 2010; Suzuki et al., 2011, Gatesy, 1997 Snyder, 1954; Russell & Bauer, 2008
m. adductor femoris Walker, 1973, Zug, 1971 Romer, 1923; Otero, Gallina & Herrera, 2010; Suzuki et al., 2011 Snyder, 1954; Russell & Bauer, 2008
m. puboischiofemoralis externus Walker, 1973, Zug, 1971 Romer, 1923; Otero, Gallina & Herrera, 2010; Suzuki et al., 2011, Gatesy, 1997 Snyder, 1954; Russell & Bauer, 2008
m. extensor digitorum longus Walker, 1973, Zug, 1971 Suzuki et al., 2011 Snyder, 1954; Russell & Bauer, 2008
m. peroneus longus and m. peroneus brevis Walker, 1973, Zug, 1971 Suzuki et al., 2011 Snyder, 1954; Russell & Bauer, 2008
m. tibialis anterior Walker, 1973, Zug, 1971 Suzuki et al., 2011 Snyder, 1954; Russell & Bauer, 2008
m. gastrocnemius internus and m. gastrocnemius externus Walker, 1973, Zug, 1971 Suzuki et al., 2011, Otero, Gallina & Herrera, 2010 Snyder, 1954; Russell & Bauer, 2008
m. flexor digitorum longus Walker, 1973, Zug, 1971 Suzuki et al., 2011 Snyder, 1954; Russell & Bauer, 2008
m. pronator profundus Walker, 1973, Zug, 1971 Suzuki et al., 2011 Snyder, 1954; Russell & Bauer, 2008
mm. extensores digitores breves Walker, 1973, Zug, 1971 Suzuki et al., 2011 Snyder, 1954; Russell & Bauer, 2008
mm. flexores digitores breves Walker, 1973, Zug, 1971 Suzuki et al., 2011 Snyder, 1954; Russell & Bauer, 2008
m. extensor hallucis proprius Walker, 1973, Zug, 1971 Suzuki et al., 2011 Russell & Bauer, 2008
m. adductor digiti quinti Russell & Bauer, 2008
m. flexor hallucis Suzuki et al., 2011 Russell & Bauer, 2008