Figure 1.

The illustration of fabrication of bacteria-nanoparticle bio-hybrids via chemical bonds, physical adsorption, biomineralization and other binding forms. Covalent bonds could be formed via reaction of groups on the surface of bacteria and nanoparticles; physical adsorption occurs between negative charged bacteria and positive charged nanoparticles, which are always coated with cationic polymers such as chitosan and PEI; biomineralization is the process of grabbing and turning metal ions into the element metal on the surface of bacteria; other binding forms include the bioaffinity or specific attachment such as biotin-streptavidin affinity and antigen-antibody binding.

Abbreviations: PEI, polyethylenimine; LPS, lipopolysaccharides; MOF, metal organic framework.