Table 2.
Association Between Sociodemographic Characteristics and COVID-19 Pandemic-Related Factors, Patient-Physician Related Factors, and Psychosocial Factors (Presented as Odds Ratios (OR)) (n = 1403)
| Characteristics | Model (1) | Model (2) | Model (3) | Model (4) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Sociodemographic | ||||
| Age (years) | ||||
| 20–29 | Reference | |||
| 30–39 | 1.38 (0.88,2.16) | 1.41 (0.89,2.23) | 1.48 (0.93,2.37) | 1.46 (0.90,2.37) |
| 40–49 | 0.72 (0.36,1.47) | 0.76 (0.37,1.57) | 0.84 (0.40,1.75) | 0.79 (0.37,1.70) |
| 50–59 | 0.39 (0.11,1.37) | 0.50 (0.14,1.76) | 0.63 (0.18,2.23) | 0.62 (0.17,2.25) |
| Organization | ||||
| Grade III hospital | Reference | |||
| Grade II hospital | 1.77 (1.10,2.86) * | 1.93 (1.19,3.15) ** | 1.87 (1.14,3.08) * | 1.78 (1.06,2.97) * |
| Basic medical institution | 0.36 (0.12,1.06) | 0.42 (0.14,1.24) | 0.36 (0.12,1.08) | 0.35 (0.11,1.06) |
| Infectious hospital | 1.64 (0.18,15.07) | 1.48 (0.14,16.2) | 2.03 (0.18,22.9) | 1.69 (0.13,21.27) |
| Others | 1.00 (0.46,2.15) | 0.97 (0.44,2.16) | 0.85 (0.38,1.90) | 0.89 (0.39,2.05) |
| Job type | ||||
| Doctor | Reference | |||
| Nurse | 0.67 (0.41,1.11) | 0.75 (0.45,1.27) | 0.83 (0.49,1.40) | 0.81 (0.47,1.39) |
| Technician | 0.34 (0.11,0.99) * | 0.32 (0.11,0.97) * | 0.34 (0.11,1.03) | 0.30 (0.09,0.93) * |
| Pharmacist | 0.44 (0.05,3.58) | 0.37 (0.04,3.03) | 0.33 (0.04,2.83) | 0.36 (0.04,3.07) |
| CDC | 0.66 (0.07,5.94) | 0.55 (0.06,5.37) | 0.73 (0.07,7.54) | 0.49 (0.04,5.63) |
| Others | 1.47 (0.71,3.03) | 1.14 (0.53,2.45) | 1.4 (0.64,3.05) | 1.24 (0.55,2.80) |
| Working time (hours/day) | ||||
| ≤8 | Reference | |||
| 8–12 | 1.50 (0.99,2.27) | 1.57 (1.02,2.40) * | 1.53 (0.99,2.37) | 1.38 (0.88,2.15) |
| 12–24 | 3.42 (1.80,6.51) *** | 4.32 (2.21,8.45) *** | 3.71 (1.85,7.43) *** | 2.92 (1.41,6.04) ** |
| Self-rated health | ||||
| Excellent | Reference | |||
| Good | 1.66 (1.04,2.65) * | 1.61 (1.00,2.60) * | 1.53 (0.95,2.48) | 1.22 (0.73,2.02) |
| General | 4.17 (2.41,7.24) *** | 3.70 (2.10,6.51) *** | 2.93 (1.63,5.24) *** | 1.75 (0.95,3.25) |
| Poor | 13.06 (3.09,55.12) *** | 10.97 (2.61,46) ** | 7.40 (1.59,34.50) * | 4.86 (0.95,24.84) |
| Pandemic related factors | ||||
| Frequency of mask replacement | ||||
| ≤4h | Reference | |||
| 4–8h | 3.82 (1.15,12.71) * | 3.99 (1.18,13.47) * | 3.51 (1.03,12.03) * | |
| 8–12h | 2.41 (0.69,8.42) | 2.59 (0.73,9.19) | 2.27 (0.63,8.10) | |
| 12–24h | 3.34 (0.92,12.15) | 3.52 (0.95,13.01) | 2.80 (0.75,10.52) | |
| >24h | 4.03 (1.17,13.85) * | 4.40 (1.26,15.33) * | 3.35 (0.95,11.82) | |
| Trained for COVID-19 | ||||
| Yes | Reference | |||
| No | 2.44 (1.12,5.36) * | 2.43 (1.09,5.41) * | 2.25 (0.96,5.25) | |
| Volunteer to the frontline | ||||
| Yes | Reference | |||
| No | 1.89 (1.26,2.81) ** | 1.84 (1.23,2.76) ** | 1.68 (1.10,2.56) * | |
| Concerned about income being affected by COVID-19 | ||||
| Yes | 1.46 (0.99,2.17) | 1.36 (0.91,2.03) | 1.23 (0.81,1.86) | |
| No | Reference | |||
| Patient-physician related factors | ||||
| Discriminated against for nature of their job | ||||
| Yes | 1.21 (0.76,1.94) | 0.93 (0.57,1.52) | ||
| No | Reference | |||
| Medical workplace violence | ||||
| Yes | 1.99 (1.27,3.09) ** | 1.51 (0.95,2.39) | ||
| No | Reference | |||
| Patient-physician relations compared to before | ||||
| Better | Reference | |||
| No change | 1.76 (1.15,2.68) ** | 1.73 (1.12,2.67) * | ||
| Worse | 1.80 (0.85,3.83) | 1.59 (0.73,3.48) | ||
| Social psychological factors | ||||
| Depression | ||||
| No | Reference | |||
| Yes | 2.21 (1.31,3.73) ** | |||
| Anxiety | ||||
| No | Reference | |||
| Yes | 1.73 (0.97,3.08) | |||
| Stress | ||||
| No | Reference | |||
| Yes | 1.39 (0.82,2.33) | |||
| Social support | ||||
| Low | 3.45 (1.24,9.62) ** | |||
| Middle | 1.75 (1.14,2.67) ** | |||
| High | Reference | |||
| Nagelkerke’s R2 | 0.156 | 0.197 | 0.223 | 0.288 |
Notes: Model (1): Sociodemographic. Model (2): Sociodemographic + COVID-19 Pandemic related factors. Model (3): Sociodemographic + COVID-19 Pandemic related factors + Patient-physician related factors. Model (4): Sociodemographic + COVID-19 Pandemic related factors + Patient-physician related factors + Psychosocial factors. *P<0.05. **P<0.01. ***P<0.001.