Table 1.
Demographic characteristics across the four study groups.
| Active IBD [n = 65] | Inactive IBD-GI with gut symptoms [n = 86] | Inactive IBD without gut symptoms [n = 81] | Healthy controls [n = 84] | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age [years], mean [SD] | 40 [12]a | 37 [12]a,b | 38 [14]a,b | 34 [13]b | 0.034 |
| Female, n [%] | 30 [46] | 47 [55] | 45 [56] | 56 [67] | 0.090 |
| Ethnicity,cn [%] | 0.111 | ||||
| White | 52 [80] | 73 [85] | 71 [88] | 56 [67] | |
| Mixed/multiple ethnic groups | 3 [5] | 2 [2] | 1 [1] | 7 [8] | |
| Asian/Asian British | 6 [9] | 7 [8] | 5 [6] | 10 [12] | |
| Black/African/Caribbean/Black British | 3 [5] | 3 [4] | 1 [1] | 5 [6] | |
| Other ethnic group [e.g. Arab] | 1 [2] | 1 [1] | 3 [4] | 6 [7] | |
| Maximum educational attainment, n [%] | 0.005 | ||||
| No formal qualifications | 4 [6] | 2 [2] | 4 [5] | 1 [1] | |
| Vocational | 2 [3] | 6 [7] | 2 [3] | 2 [2] | |
| School-level [e.g. GCSE] | 7 [11]a,b | 15 [17]a | 12 [15]a | 2 [2]b | |
| Advanced [e.g. A level] | 11 [17] | 13 [15] | 10 [12] | 16 [19] | |
| University degree | 22 [43] | 40 [47] | 33 [41] | 30 [36] | |
| Postgraduate degree | 9 [14] | 10 [12] | 17 [21] | 23 [27] | |
| PhD | 4 [6]a,b | 0 [0]a | 3 [4]a,b | 10 [12]b | |
| Smoking status, n [%] | 0.007 | ||||
| Current smoker | 3 [5] | 10 [12] | 4 [5] | 4 [5] | |
| Previous smoker | 20 [31]a | 24 [28]a,b | 13 [16]a,b | 10 [12]b | |
| Non-smoker | 42 [65]a,b | 52 [61]a | 64 [79]a,b | 70 [83]b | |
| Body weight [kg], mean [SD] | 71.0 [13.6] | 71.5 [14.1] | 71.4 [15.0] | 67.9 [17.1] | 0.351 |
| Height [m], mean [SD] | 1.7 [0.1] | 1.7 [0.1] | 1.7 [0.1] | 1.7 [0.1] | 0.877 |
| Body mass index [kg/m2], mean [SD] | 24.2 [4.7] | 24.0 [4.7] | 24.5 [4.4] | 23.0 [5.5] | 0.248 |
p-values in bold are statistically significant (p < 0.05).
Continuous variables were compared across groups using one-way ANOVA and categorical variables were compared using the chi square test.
IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; GI, gastrointestinal; SD, standard deviation; GCSE, General Certificate of Secondary Education; A-level, advanced level; ANOVA, analysis of variance.
Groups with differing superscript letters are significantly different at the 0.05 level following pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni post hoc correction.
cEthnic groups coded using ethnicity harmonised standard, Government Statistical Service, UK: [https://gss.civilservice.gov.uk/policy-store/ethnicity/#questions-england].