Table 3.
Energy, macronutrient, and micronutrient intakes across study groups.
| Active IBD [n = 65] | Inactive IBD-GI with gut symptoms [n = 86] | Inactive IBD without gut symptoms [n = 81] | Healthy controls [n = 84] | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy [kcal/d] | 1942 [581] | 1923 [590] | 1990 [494] | 2034 [539] | 0.601 |
| Protein [g/d] | 81 [24] | 83 [29] | 86 [24] | 85 [28] | 0.761 |
| Protein [% total E/d] | 17 [4] | 17 [4] | 18 [4] | 17 [3] | 0.601 |
| Total fat [g/d] | 80 [28] | 76 [28] | 79 [23] | 84 [27] | 0.245 |
| Fat [% total E/d] | 37 [6] | 35 [5] | 36 [5] | 37 [6] | 0.140 |
| Saturated fat [g/d] | 28 [12] | 27 [11] | 28 [10] | 28 [9] | 0.702 |
| Saturated fat [% total E/d] | 13 [3] | 12 [3] | 12 [3] | 13.6 [3] | 0.687 |
| Monounsaturated fat [g/d] | 27 [9] | 27 [11] | 27 [10] | 28 [11] | 0.735 |
| Monounsaturated fat [% total E/d] | 13 [3] | 13 [3] | 12 [3] | 13 [3] | 0.630 |
| Polyunsaturated fat [g/d] | 12 [5] | 12 [5] | 12 [5] | 14 [8] | 0.144 |
| Polyunsaturated fat [% total E/d] | 6 [2] | 6 [2] | 5 [2] | 6 [2] | 0.447 |
| Carbohydrate [g/d] | 216 [72] | 210 [70] | 218 [70] | 218 [64] | 0.875 |
| Carbohydrate [% total E/d] | 44 [6] | 44 [7] | 44 [7] | 43 [7] | 0.725 |
| Starch [g/d] | 130 [41] | 126 [43] | 124 [34] | 124 [42] | 0.721 |
| Sugars [g/d] | 38 [29] | 37 [23] | 40 [40] | 32 [18] | 0.389 |
| Sodium [mg/d] | 2145 [712] | 2215 [877] | 2273 [762] | 2189 [671] | 0.798 |
| Potassium [mg/d] | 2676 [1090]a | 2886 [1071]a,b | 3107 [1273]a,b | 3300 [1253]b | 0.008 |
| Calcium [mg/d] | 739.9 [297.0] | 809.4 [314.0] | 835.9 [285.2] | 849.2 [291.2] | 0.131 |
| Magnesium [mg/d] | 259.3 [90.3]a | 295.0 [137.4]a,b | 290.4 [91.0]a | 344.4 [151.1]b | <0.001 |
| Phosphorous [mg/d] | 1159 [356] | 1220 [394] | 1268 [338] | 1325 [442] | 0.061 |
| Iron [mg/d] | 9.8 [4.0]a | 10.9 [3.5]a | 11.6 [3.8]a,b | 12.8 [6.3]b | 0.001 |
| Copper [mg/d] | 3.2 [15.9] | 20.3 [157.9] | 5.4 [27.3] | 14.0 [92.1] | 0.665 |
| Zinc [mg/d] | 8.7 [5.9] | 9.2 [6.8] | 10.3 [10.0] | 10.1 [6.2] | 0.509 |
| Chloride [mg/d] | 3118 [1051] | 3383 [1249] | 3390 [1144] | 3277 [1004] | 0.433 |
| Manganese [mg/d] | 3.1 [1.3]a | 3.8 [3.0]a,b | 4.2 [6.5]a,b | 5.4 [5.3]b | 0.015 |
| Selenium [μg/d] | 52.6 [22.2] | 51.1 [19.2] | 55.8 [21.7] | 57.5 [27.7] | 0.256 |
| Iodine [μg/d] | 158.0 [385.9] | 198.0 [626.3] | 120.3 [55.9] | 135.5 [81.2] | 0.561 |
| Vitamin A [μg/d] | 741.4 [530.6] | 988.9 [1392.6] | 765.3 [437.1] | 1105 [898] | 0.038 |
| Vitamin E [mg/d] | 9.0 [4.2] | 9.2 [4.2] | 9.7 [4.5] | 10.9 [5.4] | 0.047 |
| Vitamin D [μg/d] | 3.8 [2.7] | 3.4 [2.3] | 3.5 [2.6] | 3.2 [2.5] | 0.561 |
| Vitamin C [mg/d] | 74.8 [43.1]a | 84.9 [52.1]a | 104.7 [66.2]a,b | 120.4 [72.1]b | <0.001 |
| Thiamin [mg/d] | 1.3 [0.5] | 1.5 [0.5] | 1.9 [2.7] | 1.7 [0.9] | 0.104 |
| Riboflavin [mg/d] | 1.4 [0.5]a | 1.6 [0.6]a,b | 1.8 [1.0]b | 1.7 [0.9]a,b | 0.010 |
| Niacin [mg/d] | 34.5 [13.8] | 36.9 [13.8] | 37.6 [13.4] | 34.8 [12.9] | 0.127 |
| Pantothenate [mg/d] | 4.9 [1.7] | 5.6 [2.3] | 5.6 [1.8] | 5.6 [2.4] | 0.067 |
| Pyridoxine [mg/d] | 1.7 [0.6] | 1.9 [0.7] | 2.1 [1.1] | 1.8 [0.7] | 0.073 |
| Biotin [μg/d] | 32.1 [14.2]a | 34.9 [13.3]a | 36.3 [14.5]a,b | 43.4 [23.7]b | <0.001 |
| Folate [μg/d] | 196.1 [84.7]a | 224.8 [99.0]a,b | 242.8 [104.1]a,b | 248.9 [115.2]b | 0.010 |
| Cobalamin [μg/d] | 4.7 [1.9] | 5.0 [2.6] | 5.2 [2.4] | 5.2 [3.8] | 0.642 |
| Vitamin K1 [μg/d] | 53.7 [57.9]a | 59.6 [43.3]a | 77.7 [84.3]a,b | 95.3 [99.6]b | 0.002 |
p-values in bold are statistically significant (p < 0.05).
Data are mean [SD] daily intake. Groups were compared using ANOVA.
IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; GI, gastrointestinal; SD, standard deviation; d, day; E, energy; ANOVA, analysis of variance.
Groups with differing superscript letters are significantly different at the 0.05 level following pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni post hoc correction.