Table 4.
Intakes of fibre and FODMAPs across the study groups, presented as both g/d and g/1000 kcal/d.
| Active IBD [n = 65] | Inactive IBD-GI with gut symptoms [n = 86] | Inactive IBD without gut symptoms [n = 81] | Healthy controls [n = 84] | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-starch polysaccharide [NSP] | |||||
| NSP, g/d, mean [SD] | 13.0 [5.0]a | 13.0 [5.4]a | 14.4 [5.0]a | 17.6 [8.1]b | <0.001 |
| NSP, g/1000 kcal/d, mean [SD] | 6.9 [2.3]a | 7.5 [2.3]a | 7.3 [3.3] a | 8.4 [3.8]b | <0.001 |
| Total fibre [AOAC] | |||||
| Fibre, g/d, mean [SD] | 18.9 [7.1]a | 19.9 [7.4]a | 20.3 [6.6]a | 24.7 [11.0]b | <0.001 |
| Fibre, g/1000 kcal/d, mean [SD] | 10.0 [3.3]a | 10.5 [3.1]a | 10.4 [3.0]a | 12.2 [3.8]b | <0.001 |
| Fibre, n [%] achieving RNI [30 g/d] | 4 [6.1]a | 9 [10.5]a,b | 6 [7.4]a | 20 [23.8]b | 0.002 |
| FODMAPs, g/d, median [IQR] | |||||
| Total FODMAPs | 12.0 [12.5]a | 13.3 [14.2]a,b | 15.1 [10.9]a,b | 16.9 [10.5]b | 0.003 |
| Fructans | 2.5 [1.6]a | 2.8 [1.8]a,b | 3.1 [1.3]a,b | 3.2 [1.6]b | 0.008 |
| GOS | 0.9 [0.6] | 0.8 [0.8] | 1.0 [0.8] | 1.0 [1.1] | 0.338 |
| Lactose | 5.0 [11.3] | 7.1 [12.4] | 7.1 [10.7] | 9.1 [12.3] | 0.074 |
| Total fructose | 9.6 [7.8]a,b | 9.4 [7.6]a | 11.4 [9.4]a,b | 12.6 [8.5]b | 0.006 |
| Excess fructose | 0.9 [1.1] | 0.8 [1.2] | 1.7 [1.3] | 1.1 [1.5] | 0.215 |
| Sorbitol | 0.3 [0.5]a | 0.4 [0.8]a | 0.4 [1.0]a | 0.7 [1.1]b | <0.001 |
| Mannitol | 0.2 [0.4] | 0.2 [0.4] | 0.2 [0.6] | 0.2 [0.7] | 0.350 |
| FODMAPs, g/1000 kcal/d, median [IQR] | |||||
| Total FODMAPs | 5.5 [5.0]a | 7.4 [7.2]a,b | 7.5 [5.6]a,b | 8.2 [5.4]b | 0.011 |
| Fructans | 1.3 [0.7]a | 1.5 [0.6]a,b | 1.5 [0.5]a,b | 1.7 [0.7]b | 0.007 |
| GOS | 0.5 [0.3] | 0.4 [0.4] | 0.5 [0.3] | 0.5 [0.5] | 0.623 |
| Lactose | 2.5 [5.7] | 4.8 [6.9] | 3.7 [6.2] | 4.4 [6.1] | 0.059 |
| Fructose | 5.3 [3.1]a,b | 5.1 [4.1]a | 5.9 [3.9]a,b | 6.7 [4.4]b | 0.014 |
| Excess fructose | 0.4 [0.6] | 0.4 [0.5] | 0.5 [0.7] | 0.5 [0.6] | 0.335 |
| Sorbitol | 0.2 [0.3]a | 0.2 [0.4]a | 0.2 [0.5]a | 0.4 [0.6]b | <0.001 |
| Mannitol | 0.1 [0.2] | 0.1 [0.2] | 0.1 [0.3] | 0.1 [0.3] | 0.478 |
p-values in bold are statistically significant (p < 0.05).
Continuous data are presented as mean [SD] or median [IQR] and p-values represent the result of ANOVA [for normally distributed data] or Kruskal‐Wallis test [for non-normally distributed data] across groups.
IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; GI, gastrointestinal; SD, standard deviation; d,day; AOAC,
Association of Analytical Chemists; RNI, reference nutrient intake; FODMAP, fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols; GOS, galacto-oligosaccharides; IQR, interquartile range; ANOVA, analysis of variance.
Groups with differing superscript letters are significantly different at the 0.05 level following pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni post hoc correction.