Table 3.

Associations of metabolic dysfunction–associated fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with incident cardiovascular disease

Population	No. of participants	No. of cases	Incidence rateb (95% CI)	Model 1c HR (95% CI)	P	Model 2d HR (95% CI)	P
Non-FL	3417	134	8.7 (7.4-10.3)	Reference		Reference
MAFLD	2950	162	12.3 (10.6-14.4)	1.43 (1.14-1.80)	.002	1.44 (1.15-1.81)	.002
With metabolic dysfunctiona only	2522	142	12.6 (10.7-14.9)	1.48 (1.16-1.87)	.001	1.48 (1.17-1.89)	.001
With excessive alcohol consumption	298	12	9.0 (5.1-15.8)	0.99 (0.54-1.80)	.961	1.01 (0.55-1.85)	.975
With HBV infection	141	8	12.8 (6.4-25.7)	1.47 (0.72-3.01)	.287	1.48 (0.73-3.03)	.279
Non-FL	3417	134	8.7 (7.4-10.3)	Reference		Reference
NAFLD	2545	143	12.6 (10.7-14.9)	1.47 (1.16-1.87)	.001	1.48 (1.17-1.88)	.001

Abbreviations: HBV, hepatitis B virus; HR, hazard ratio; MAFLD, metabolic dysfunction–associated fatty liver disease; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; non-FL, non–fatty liver.

^a Metabolic dysfunction was defined as the presence of at least 1 of the 3 criteria: overweight/obesity, diabetes, or metabolic dysregulation.

^b Incidence rate was calculated as the number of incident cases divided by per 1000 person-years of follow-up.

^c Model 1 was adjusted for sex and age.

^d Model 2 was adjusted for sex, age, educational background, smoking status, and leisure-time exercise at baseline.