Table 1.
Hyoid and craniofacial measurements from cephalograms in this study.
| Measurements | Definition |
|---|---|
| Hyoid measurements | |
| Hy-Ba (mm) | The distance between Hy point and Basion. |
| Hy to SN (mm) | The distance between the Hy point and the sella-nasion (SN) plane on a line perpendicular to the SN plane through the Hy point. |
| Hy to FH (mm) | The distance between the Hy point and the Frankfort horizontal (FH) plane on a line perpendicular to the FH plane through the Hy point. |
| Hy to PP (mm) | The distance between the Hy point and the palatal plane (PP) on a line perpendicular to the palatal plane through the Hy point. |
| Hy to MP (mm) | The distance between the Hy point and the mandibular plane (MP) on a line perpendicular to the MP plane through the Hy point. If the Hy point is inferior to the MP plane, the measurement is positive. |
| Hy-RGn (mm) | The distance between Hy point and RGn point. |
| Hy-C3 (mm) | The distance between Hy point and C3 point. |
| Hy to C3-RGn (mm) | The distance between the Hy point and the line formed by the C3 and RGn point on a line perpendicular to the C3-RGn line. If the Hy point is inferior to the C3-RGn line, the measurement is positive. |
| C3-RGN (mm) | The distance between C3 point and RGn point. |
| Go-Hy-Me | Angle formed by the Gonion-Hy line and the Hy-Menton line. |
| Hy-S (mm) | The distance between Hy point and sella. |
| Hy-C3-S (°) | Angle formed by the Hy-C3 line and the C3-sella line. |
| C3-Hy-S (°) | Angle formed by the Hy-C3 line and the Hy-sella line. |
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| |
| Craniofacial measurements | |
| SNA (°) | Angle between the SN plane and the nasion-A point line. |
| SNB (°) | Angle between the SN plane and the nasion-B point line. |
| ANB (°) | Angle between the nasion-A point line and the nasion-B point line. |
| Wits (mm) | The distance between vertical lines from A point and B point to the occlusal plane. |
| FMA (°) | Frankfurt-mandibular plane, formed by the mandibular plane and the FH angle. |
| FH-OP (°) | Angle formed by the occlusal plane and the FH angle. |
| Saddle angle (°) | Angle formed by the SN plane and the S-Ar line. |
| Articular angle (°) | Angle formed by the S-Ar line and the Ar-Go line. |
| Gonial angle (°) | Angle formed by the Ar-Go line and the mandibular plane. |
| Interincisal angle (°) | Angle formed the long axis of the upper incisor and low incisor. |
| Ramus height (mm) | Ar-Go, the distance between articulare and gonion. |
| Mandibular body length (mm) | Go-Me, the distance between gonion and menton. |
| Anterior cranial base length (mm) | S-N, the distance between sella and nasion. |
| Posterior cranial base length (mm) | S-Ar, the distance between sella and articulare. |
| Anterior facial height (mm) | N-Me, the distance between nasion and menton. |
| Posterior facial height (mm) | S-Go, the distance between sella and gonion. |
| Overjet (mm) | The horizontal distance between the upper and lower incisal edge with reference to the occlusal plane. |
| Overbite (mm) | The vertical overlap between the upper and lower incisal edge. |