Table 3.
Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors overall and stratified by insulin resistance: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007-2018
| NHANES study period (years) | Prevalence (95% CIs) | Trend P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2007–2010 (n = 2219) | 2011–2014 (n = 2151) | 2015–2018 (n = 1877) | ||
| Obesitya | ||||
| All | 27.8 (26.2-28.7) | 31.8 (29.1-34.5) | 35.3 (30.8-39.7) | 0.02 |
| +IR | 50.0 (46.0-54.0) | 58.4 (54.4-62.4) | 61.7 (55.9-67.6) | 0.004 |
| −IR | 12.2 (9.6-14.9) | 13.5 (11.5-15.4) | 18.5 (14.5-22.6) | 0.11 |
| Hypertensionb | ||||
| All | 23.9 (23.0-24.9) | 21.0 (18.7-23.2) | 22.8 (20.4-25.2) | 0.81 |
| +IR | 29.2 (25.8-32.5) | 29.1 (25.9-32.3) | 36.1 (31.6-40.7) | 0.33 |
| −IR | 11.3 (9.4-13.2) | 16.3 (13.8-18.7) | 16.0 (12.9-19.1) | 0.18 |
| Hypercholestrolemiac | ||||
| All | 9.7 (8.4-11.1) | 9.4 (7.5-11.3) | 8.0 (6.2-9.7) | 0.01 |
| +IR | 13.3 (10.8-15.9) | 12.4 (8.8-16.0) | 9.9 (7.5-12.3) | 0.01 |
| −IR | 6.8 (5.1-8.5) | 7.4 (5.3-9.5) | 6.7 (4.4-8.9) | 0.44 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Nonsmoker | ||||
| All | 59.1 (56.0-62.2) | 65.0 (62.0-67.9) | 66.0 (62.7-69.2) | 0.33 |
| +IR | 59.9 (56.7-63.1) | 64.9 (61.1-68.7) | 66.9 (62.8-71.1) | 0.64 |
| −IR | 58.4 (53.4-63.4) | 65.0 (61.0-69.0) | 65.3 (61.4-69.2) | 0.39 |
| Former smoker | ||||
| All | 10.6 (9.0-12.2) | 10.1 (8.5-11.7) | 14.5 (12.2-16.9) | 0.77 |
| +IR | 10.2 (8.1-12.4) | 10.3 (8.2-12.4) | 14.3 (11.8-16.8) | 0.67 |
| −IR | 10.9 (7.9-13.9) | 10.0 (8.0-11.9) | 14.7 (10.9-18.5) | 0.56 |
| Current smoker | ||||
| All | 23.2 (20.8-25.5) | 21.9 (18.6-25.2) | 19.5 (16.5-22.5) | 0.32 |
| +IR | 23.3 (20.1-26.4) | 21.5 (17.6-25.4) | 18.8 (14.9-22.7) | 0.44 |
| −IR | 23.2 (19.4-26.9) | 22.2 (17.8-26.6) | 19.9 (16.6-23.3) | 0.53 |
| Physical Activityd | ||||
| Ideal | ||||
| All | 57.4 (54.6-60.3) | 56.2 (53.0-59.3) | 59.8 (56.7-63.0) | 0.71 |
| +IR | 54.7 (51.3-58.0) | 52.9 (48.9-56.8) | 58.1 (53.8-62.5) | 0.62 |
| −IR | 59.7 (55.9-63.6) | 58.4(54.5-62.4) | 60.8 (55.8-65.9) | 0.74 |
| Intermediate | ||||
| All | 25.8 (23.0-28.6) | 27.6 (24.5-30.7) | 22.2 (19.1-25.3) | 0.39 |
| +IR | 24.6 (20.9-28.2) | 27.3 (23.8-30.8) | 20.5 (17.0-24.0) | 0.35 |
| −IR | 26.8 (22.7-30.9) | 27.8 (24.2-31.4) | 23.5 (19.4-27.7) | 0.55 |
| Poor | ||||
| All | 14.6 (12.9-16.3) | 13.3 (11.4-15.3) | 16.0 (13.0-18.2) | 0.43 |
| +IR | 19.0 (16.5-21.6) | 17.2 (14.3-20.0) | 18.8 (14.4-23.3) | 0.52 |
| −IR | 11.0 (8.8-13.2) | 10.7 (8.4-12.9) | 13.4 (10.7-16.1) | 0.66 |
| Poor diet scoree | ||||
| All | 77.4 (74.8-80.1) | 77.8 (75.3-80.3) | 79.3 (76.0-82.5) | 0.50 |
| +IR | 78.1 (75.7-80.6) | 79.6 (76.1-82.9) | 79.9 (75.9-83.9) | 0.33 |
| −IR | 76.8 (73.0-80.7) | 76.6 (73.2-79.9) | 78.9 (74.6-83.2) | 0.81 |
Abbreviation: IR, insulin resistance.
Bold P-values indicate P-values < 0.05.
aObesity was defined as a body mass index of ≥30 kg/m2.
bHypertension was defined based on the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines.
cHypercholesterolemia control was defined as total cholesterol ≥240 mg/dL.
dPoor physical activity level was defined based on the American Heart Association Life Simple 7 score metrics.
ePoor diet score is defined as a diet score <2 based on American Heart Association Life Simple 7 score metrics.