Table 5.
Dimensional bone alteration and bone regeneration outcomes in the evaluated studies
| Study | n | Test | Control | Method | Results test | Results control | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Castro et al. [41] | 20 | L-PRF | Spontaneous healing | CBCT (thickness buccal bone 1 mm below the crest) after 3 months | 1.1 ± 0.3 mm | 1.1 ± 0.4 mm | No |
| A-PRF+ | 0.9 ± 0.3 mm | No | |||||
| CBCT (horizontal resorption 1 mm below the alveolar crest) after 3 months |
Buccal: 1.6 ± 0.8 mm Palatal: 0.6 ± 0.7 mm |
Buccal: 1,7 ± 1.0 mm Palatal: 0.5 ± 0.7 mm |
No | ||||
|
Buccal: 1.6 ± 0.7 mm Palatal: 0.7 ± 0.8 mm |
No | ||||||
| CBCT (horizontal resorption 3 mm below the alveolar crest) after 3 months |
Buccal: 1.5 ± 0.8 mm Palatal: 0.4 ± 0.4 mm |
Buccal: 1.4 ± 0.8 mm Palatal: 0.3 ± 0.4 mm |
No | ||||
|
Buccal: 1.2 ± 0.6 mm Palatal: 0.4 ± 0.7 mm |
No | ||||||
| CBCT (horizontal resorption 5 mm below the alveolar crest) after 3 months |
Buccal: 1.0 ± 0.7 mm Palatal: 0.2 ± 0.4 mm |
Buccal: 1.0 ± 0.6 mm Palatal: 0.1 ± 0.6 mm |
No | ||||
|
Buccal: 0.8 ± 0.6 mm Palatal: 0.3 ± 0.6 mm |
No | ||||||
| CBCT (socket fill) after 3 months | 85.2 ± 22.9% | 67.9 ± 19.2% | Yes: p = 0.005 | ||||
| 83.8 ± 18.4% | Yes: p = 0.01 | ||||||
| Histomorphometry (percent of bone volume/ tissue volume) | 47.7 ± 7.9% | 34.7 ± 6.9% | Yes: p < 0.05 | ||||
| 54.5 ± 5.6% | Yes: p < 0.05 | ||||||
| Micro-CT (percent of bone volume/ tissue volume) | 43.4 ± 8.7% | 35.0 ± 8.2% | No: p = 0.09 | ||||
| 50.7 ± 4.5% | Yes: p < 0.001 | ||||||
| Sharma et al. [54] | 30 | PRF | Spontaneous healing | Digital panoramic radiographs (grayscale value) after 16 weeks | 91.980 | 88.689 | No: 0.668 |
| Canellas et al. [47] | 45 | L-PRF | Spontaneous healing | CBCT (bone loss 1 mm below the alveolar crest) after 3 months | 0.93 ± 0.9 mm | 2.27 ± 1.2 mm |
Yes P < 0.0001 |
| CBCT (bone loss 3 mm below the alveolar crest) after 3 months | 0.85 ± 0.8 mm | 1.67 ± 1.1 mm |
Yes p < 0.005 |
||||
| CBCT (bone loss at the buccal bone wall) after 3 months | 0.70 ± 0.7 mm | 1.39 ± 1.2 mm |
Yes P < 0.02 |
||||
| CBCT (horizontal bone loss at 5 mm below the crest) after 3 months | 0.67 ± 0.5 mm | 1.08 ± 1.0 mm |
No P = 0.094 |
||||
| CBCT (vertical bone loss at the palatal/ lingual wall) after 3 months | 0.67 ± 0.9 mm | 1.24 ± 1.15 mm |
No P = 0.064 |
||||
| CBCT (new bone formation) after 3 months | 190.90 ± 169.90 mm3 | 44.87 ± 200.20 mm3 |
Yes P = 0.009 |
||||
| Histomorphometry (percentage of new bone formation after 3 months) | 55.96 ± 11.97% | 39.69 ± 11.13% |
Yes p = 0.00001 |
||||
| Srinivas et al. [48] | 30 | PRF | Spontaneous healing | CBCT (bone density) |
24 h: 319.79 ± 95.472 3 months: 564.76 ± 94.856 |
24 h: 194.82 ± 78.986 3 months: 295.87 ± 87.217 |
24 h: Yes P < 0.001 3 moths: Yes P < 0.001 |
| CBCT (Bone hight) |
24 h: 13.93 ± 3.56 mm 3 months: 12.28 ± 3.84 mm |
24 h: 14.68 ± 4.32 mm 3 months: 12.78 ± 3.82 mm |
24 h: No P = 0.466 3 moths: No P = 0.615 |
||||
| Ahmed et al. [53] | 54 | PRF | Spontaneous healing | Radiographic analysis (bone hight reduction, crest to tip of the root taking adjoining tooth as a guide) after 16 weeks | 0.17 ± 0.44 mm | 2.12 ± 0.69 mm |
Yes p < 0.001 |
| Radiographic analysis (bone width reduction) after 16 weeks | 0.47 ± 0.36 mm | 1.71 ± 0.49 mm |
Yes p < 0.001 |
||||
| Radiographic analysis (bone density change using gray scale histogram) after 16 weeks | 0.44 ± 1.21 | 1.45 ± 0.51 |
Yes P = 0.006 |
||||
| Areewong et al. [55] | 38 | PRF | Spontaneous healing | Histomorphometric: new bone formation ratio after 8 weeks | 31.33 ± 18% | 26.33 ± 19.63% |
No P = 0.431 |
| Zhang et al. [49] | 28 | PRF | Spontaneous healing | CBCT after 3 months (reduction of the buccal alveolar) | 1.6000 ± 1.46416 mm | 2.8000 ± 1.81487 mm | No |
| CBCT after 3 months (reduction of the height of the lingual/palatal alveolar crest) | 1.0000 ± 0.70711 mm | 2.0500 ± 1.29180 mm | No | ||||
| CBCT after 3 months (reduction of the width of the alveolar crest) | 1.0500 ± 0.77862 mm | 2.0760 ± 1.67149 mm | No | ||||
| Histomorphometric analysis after 3 months (osteoid) area/tissue area) | 9.7624 ± 4.0121% | 2.8056 ± 1.2094% |
Yes P < 0.01 |
||||
| Kumar et al. [43] | 48 | PRF | Spontaneous healing | Clinical measurement using measured using metal callipers (average loss of alveolar width) after 6 months | 3 ± 0.8 mm | 3.3 ± 0.61 mm | No |
| Clinical measurement using measured using metal callipers (average loss of alveolar height) after 6 months | 3 ± 0.64 mm | 3 ± 0.83 mm | No | ||||
| Radiological measurement (degree of alveolar fill) after 6 months | 73.76 ± 0.14% | 74.3 ± 0.13% | No | ||||
| Clark et al. [39] | 45 |
Test 1: A-PRF Test 2: A-PRF + FDBA |
Control1: spontaneous healing Control 2: FDBA |
Clinical measurement using alginate impression and a periodontal probe (loss ridge height reduction) after 15 weeks |
Test 1: A-PRF: 1.8 ± 2.1 mm Test 2: A-PRF + FDBA: 1.0 ± 2.3 mm |
Control 1: 3.8 ± 2.0 mm Control 2: 2.2 ± 1.8 mm |
Test 1 vs. control 1: Yes P < 0.05 Test 2 vs. control 2: No |
| Clinical measurement using alginate impression and a metal callipers (Loss of ridge width (coronal)) after 15 weeks |
Test 1: A-PRF: 2.8 ± 1.2 mm Test 2: A-PRF + FDBA: 1.9 ± 1.1 mm |
Control 1: 2.9 ± 1.7 mm Control 2: 2.5 ± 1.1 mm |
Test 1 vs. control 1: No Test 2 vs. control 2: No |
||||
| Clinical measurement using alginate impression and a metal callipers (Loss of ridge width (middle)) after 15 weeks |
Test 1: A-PRF: 1.8 ± 1.8 mm Test 2: A-PRF + FDBA: 1.7 ± 1.2 mm |
Control 1: 1.8 ± 1.3 mm Control 2: 1.5 ± 1.2 mm |
Test 1 vs. control 1: No Test 2 vs. control 2: No |
||||
| Clinical measurement using alginate impression and a metal callipers (Loss of ridge width (apical)) after 15 weeks |
Test 1: A-PRF: 1.8 ± 1.5 mm Test 2: A-PRF + FDBA: 1.6 ± 1.5 mm |
Control 1: 1.5 ± 1.6 mm Control 2: 1.2 ± 1.3 mm |
Test 1 vs. control 1: No Test 2 vs. control 2: No |
||||
| Micro-CT analysis of bone cores (bone mineral density) after 15 weeks |
Test 1: A-PRF: 493 ± 70 mg/cm3 Test 2: A-PRF + FDBA: 521 ± 58 mg/cm3 |
Control 1:487 ± 64 mg/cm3 Control 2: 551 ± 58 mg/cm3 |
Test 1 vs. control 1: No Test 2 vs. control 2: No |
||||
| Histomorphometric analysis (percentage of vital bone) after 15 weeks |
Test 1: A-PRF:46% ± 18% Test 2: A-PRF + FDBA: 29% ± 14% |
Not reported |
Test 1 vs. control 1: No Test 2 vs. control 2: No |
||||
| Alzahrani et al. [44] | 24 | PRF | Spontaneous healing | Clinical Cast analysis (reduction of alveolar ridge width) |
Week 1: 2.09 ± 0.84 mm Week 4: 5.22 ± 0.80 mm Week 8: 8.58 ± 1.73 mm |
Week 1: 3.26 ± 2.21 mm Week 4: 9.79 ± 6.02 mm Week 8: 13.54 ± 6.57 mm |
Week 1:No P = 0.141 Week 4:Yes P = 0.012 Week 8:Yes P = 0.036 |
| Radiolographic analysis (mean radiographic bone fill) |
Week 1: 74.05 ± 1.66% Week 4: 81.54 ± 3.33% Week 8: 88.81 ± 1.53% |
Week 1: 68.82 ± 1.07% Week 4: 74.03 ± 1.22% Week 8: 80.35 ± 2.61% |
Week 1: Yes P = 0.012 Week 4:Yes P = 0.00 Week 8: Yes P = 0.017 |
||||
| Temmerman et al. [50] | 22 | PRF | Spontaneous healing | CBCT after 3 months (Vertical resorption, lingual) | 0.4 ± 1.1 mm | 0.7 ± 0.8 mm | No |
| CBCT 3 months (Vertical resorption, buccal) | 0.5 ± 2.3 mm | 1.5 ± 1.3 mm |
Yes P = 0.0002) |
||||
| CBCT 3 months (Horizontal width reduction 1 mm below the crest) | 22.84 ± 24.28% | 51.92 ± 40.31% |
Yes P = 0.0004 |
||||
| CBCT 3 months (Horizontal width reduction 3 mm below the crest) | 6.16 ± 6.16% | 14.51 ± 19.6% |
Yes p = 0.007 |
||||
| CBCT 3 months (Horizontal width reduction 5 mm below the crest) | 2.91 ± 4.54% | 4.4 ± 4.89% |
Yes P = 0.02 |
||||
| CBCT 3 months (socket fill) |
8.1 ± 3.1 mm 94.7 ± 26.9% |
6.2 ± 3.9 mm 63.3 ± 31.9% |
Yes, P = 0.005 Yes, P = 0.0004 |
||||
| Suttapreyasri et al. [45] | 8 | PRF | Spontaneous healing | Clinical socket dimension measurements after 8 weeks (mesial-distal [M-D] and buccal-lingual [B-L]) were measured from the inner socket orifice at the midpoint of the extraction site, a UNC-15 periodontal probe (Hu-Friedy, Chicago, IL) |
M-D: 1.76 ± 1.36 mm B-L: 3.31 ± 0.09 mm |
M-D 2.17 ± 1.65 mm B-L: 3.92 ± 0.64 mm |
M-D: no B-L: no |
| Cast analysis buccal contour change after 8 weeks |
Upper part: 1.96 ± 1.10 mm Middle part: 1.79 ± 0.90 mm Lower part: 0.5 ± 0.72 mm |
Upper part: 2.59 ± 0.7 mm Middle part: 1.61 ± 0.43 mm Lower part: 0.56 ± 0.38 mm |
Upper part: no Middle part: no Lower part: no |
||||
| Cast analysis lingual contour change after 8 weeks |
Upper part: 1.59 ± 0.64 mm Middle part: 0.42 ± 0.39 mm Lower part: 1.78 ± 0.57 mm |
Upper part: 1.03 ± 0.57 mm Middle part: 1.78 ± 0.47 mm Lower part: 0.39 ± 0.35 mm |
Upper part: no Middle part: no Lower part: no |
||||
| Radiographic Resorption of Marginal Bone Levels at Mesial of the Extraction Site after 8 weeks | 2.22 ± 0.51 mm | 2.86 ± 0.65 mm | No | ||||
| Radiographic Resorption of Marginal Bone Levels at distal of the Extraction Site after 8 weeks | 2.08 ± 0.09 mm | 2.10 ± 0.50 mm | No | ||||
| Hauser et al. [46] | 23 | PRF | Spontaneous healing |
Clinical measurements of the alveolar crest Width loss after 8 weeks |
0.48% | 3.68% |
Yes P < 0.05 |
| Radiographical analysis of the vertical linear Measurements on Superimposable Radiographs after 8 weeks |
Mesial: 1.21 ± 0.4 mm Distal: 0.76 ± 0.25 mm |
Mesial: 0.77 ± 0.17 mm Distal: 2.07 ± 0.81 mm |
Mesial: yes Distal: no |
||||
| Micro CT (bone volume/Tissue Volume) after 8 weeks | 0.281 ± 0.037 | 0.249 ± 0.037 | No | ||||
| Thakkar et al. [52] | 36 sites | demineralized freeze‑dried bone allograft (DFDBA) mixed with PRF, covered by a collagen membrane | Demineralized freeze‑dried bone allograft (DFDBA), covered by a collagen membrane | calibrated radiographs (Ridge width reduction from baseline to 180 days) | 0.75 ± 0.49 mm | 1.3611 ± 0.70 mm | Yes (p = 0.005) |
| Ridge height reduction (from baseline to 180 days) | 1.38 ± 0.50 mm | 1.08 ± 0.428 mm | No | ||||
| Yewale et al. [51] | Sybograf plus (70% HA and 30% βTCP) mixed with A-PRF + , covered by a Collagen sponge (Collasponge ™) | Sybograf plus (70% HA and 30% βTCP), covered by a Collagen sponge (Collasponge ™) | CBCT after 6 months: horizontal width at 1 mm | 2.123 ± 0.76 mm | 1.83 ± 0.8 mm | No | |
| CBCT after 6 months: horizontal width at 3 mm | 1.689 ± 0.84 mm | 0.596 ± 1.08 mm | Yes (p = 0.041) | ||||
| CBCT after 6 months: horizontal width at 5 mm | 0.97 ± 1.28 mm | 0.59 ± 1.59 mm | No |