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. 2021 Dec 20;6:422. doi: 10.1038/s41392-021-00825-8

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© The Author(s) 2021, corrected publication 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Overview of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) and the regulation of O-GlcNAcylation in TME. Left: O-GlcNAcylation orchestrates immunity. O-GlcNAcylation is increased after neutrophils are activated through the MAPK pathway. In macrophages, O-GlcNAcylation shows both activation and inhibition functions of NF-κB. Upon RNA virus infection, MAVS is modified by OGT to enhance downstream IFN production via IRF3 signaling. O-GlcNAcylation reduces the cytotoxic activity and inhibits NK differentiation by increasing the stability of EZH2. O-GlcNAcylation increases the expression of RORγt and FOXP3 in Th17 and Treg cells. NFAT and NFκB are activated by O-GlcNAcylation in activated B cells and O-GlcNAcylation of LSP1 contributes to B-cell apoptosis. After TCR rearrangement, O-GlcNAcylation promotes positive T-cell development. Middle: nutrient flux modulates protein O-GlcNAcylation. OGT catalyzes the addition of GlcNAc from UDP-GlcNAc to serine and threonine residues, while OGA catalyzes their removal. Right: the function of O-GlcNAcylation in proteasome-associated degradation, cytoskeleton remodeling, and transcriptional regulation