Table 2.
Characteristics of the 39 studies included in the meta-analysis.
| References | Country | Type of study | NOS score | AKI | Non-AKI | Age | Male (n, %) | CKD (%) | Hypertension (%) | Diabetes (%) | COPD (%) | CVD (%) | Cancer (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Xu et al. (10) | China | Case-control | 5 | 18 | 44 | 62.9 ± 15.3 | 39 (62.9) | 2 (3.2) | 26 (41.9) | 9 (14.5) | 5 (8.1) | 11 (17.7) | 3 (4.8) |
| Doher et al. (11) | Brazil | Cohort | 8 | 101 | 100 | 64 (52,80) | 123 (61.2) | NA | 98 (48.8) | 64 (31.8) | 19 (9.5) | 16 (8.0) | NA |
| Kolhe et al. (12) | England | Cohort | 7 | 304 | 857 | NA | 657 (56.6) | 224 (19.3) | NA | 255 (22.0) | 311 (26.8) | 117 (10.1) | 102 (8.8) |
| Li et al. (13) | China | Cohort | 7 | 48 | 59 | 70 | 69 (64.5) | 5 (4.7) | 73 (68.2) | 22 (20.6) | 23 (21.5) | 33 (30.8) | NA |
| Bowe et al. (14) | United States | Cohort | 8 | 1,655 | 3,561 | 70 (61,76) | 4,908 (94) | NA | 3,985 (76) | 2,537 (49) | 1,302 (25) | 1,588 (30) | 799 (15) |
| Zahid et al. (15) | United States | Cohort | 8 | 128 | 341 | 66 (55,75) | 268 (57.1) | 50 (10.7) | 323 (68.9) | 219 (46.7) | 34 (7.3) | 74 (15.8) | 31 (6.6) |
| Taher et al. (16) | Bahrain | Cohort | 7 | 29 | 44 | 54.3 ± 13.5 | 44 (60.3) | 6 (8.2) | 31 (42.5) | 33 (45.2) | NA | 9 (12.3) | 5 (6.8) |
| Chan et al. (17) | United States | Case-control | 7 | 1,406 | 1,829 | 66.5 (55.6,77.8) | 1,868(57.7) | 323 (10) | 1,193 (36.9) | 800 (24.7) | NA | 281 (8.7) | NA |
| Hirsch et al. (18) | United States | Cohort | 8 | 1,993 | 3,456 | 64.0 (52.0, 75.0) | 3,317 (60.9) | NA | 3,037 (55.7) | 1,797 (33.0) | 296 (5.4) | 600 (11.0) | 327 (6.0) |
| Joseph et al. (19) | France | Cohort | 7 | 81 | 19 | 59 (53,67) | 70 (70.0) | 29 (29.0) | 56 (56.0) | 30 (30.0) | 2 (2.0) | 15 (15) | NA |
| Cui et al. (20) | China | Case-control | 7 | 21 | 95 | NA | 66(56.9) | 5(4.3) | 38 (32.8) | 28 (24.1) | 14 (12.1) | 48 (41.4) | NA |
| Louis et al. (21) | France | Case-control | 7 | 80 | 101 | NA | 127 (70.0) | 13 (7.2) | 132 (73.0) | 54 (30.0) | 22 (12.0) | 52 (29.0) | 22(12.0) |
| Yan et al. (22) | China | Cohort | 8 | 115 | 767 | 71 (68,77) | 440(49.9) | 83(9.4) | NA | 277 (31.4) | 86 (9.8) | 515 (58.2) | 41(4.7) |
| Chan et al. (23) | United States | Case-control | 8 | 1,835 | 2,158 | 64 (56,78) | 2,289 (57.3) | 420 (11.0) | 1,527 (38.0) | 1,019 (26.0) | NA | 396 (10.0) | NA |
| Tan et al. (24) | China | Cohort | 8 | 40 | 377 | 45.2 ±17.7 | 198 (47.3) | NA | 55 (13.2) | 19 (4.6) | 16 (3.8) | 26 (6.2) | 6 (1.4) |
| Hamilton et al. (25) | England | Case-control | 7 | 210 | 822 | 71 (56,83) | 569 (55.1) | 144 (14.0) | NA | 134(13.0) | 259 (25.1) | 129 (12.5) | 72 (7.0) |
| Lee et al. (26) | United States | Cohort | 8 | 294 | 708 | 66 (53,76) | 619 (62.0) | 138 (14.0) | 597 (60.0) | 378 (38.0) | 81 (8.0) | 131 (13.0) | NA |
| Rubin et al. (27) | France | Cohort | 8 | 57 | 14 | 61.2 ± 12.2 | 55 (77.0) | NA | 43 (61.0) | 21 (30.0) | 8 (11.0) | 17 (24.0) | NA |
| Xu et al. (28) | China | Cohort | 7 | 263 | 408 | 65 (56,73) | 434 (65.0) | NA | 287 (43.0) | 131 (20.0) | 37 (6.0) | 87 (13.0) | 20 (3.0) |
| Pelayo et al. (29) | United States | Case-control | 7 | 110 | 113 | NA | 115(51.6) | NA | 180 (80.7) | 104 (46.6) | 27 (12.1) | 59 (26.5) | NA |
| Li et al. (30) | China | Cohort | 7 | 48 | 59 | 70 (64,78) | 69 (64.5) | 5 (4.7) | 73 (68.2) | 22 (20.6) | 23 (21.5) | 33 (30.8) | NA |
| Xia et al. (31) | China | Cohort | 8 | 41 | 40 | 66.6 ± 11.4 | 54 (66.7) | 3 (3.7) | 43 (53.1) | 19 (23.5) | NA | 17 (21.0) | NA |
| Luther et al. (32) | Sweden | Case-control | 6 | 51 | 6 | NA | 44(77.2) | NA | 30 (52.6) | 16 (28.1) | 14 (24.6) | 6 (10.5) | 4(7.0) |
| Peng et al. (33) | China | Case-control | 6 | 285 | 3,735 | 61 (50,69) | 1,912 (47.6) | 100 (2.5) | 852 (21.2) | 424 (10.5) | NA | 270 (6.7) | NA |
| Wang et al. (34) | China | Case-control | 7 | 136 | 139 | 69 (62,77) | 161 (58.4) | 16 (5.8) | 150 (54.5) | 62 (22.5) | 37 (13.5) | 35 (12.7) | NA |
| Lim et al. (35) | Korea | Case-control | 8 | 30 | 130 | NA | 86(53.8) | NA | 77 (48.1) | 50 (31.3) | 16 (10.0) | 31 (19.4) | 26(16.3) |
| Wang et al. (36) | China | Cohort | 7 | 12 | 104 | 62 (55,69) | 62 (53.4) | NA | 47 (40.5) | 20 (17.2) | 3 (2.6) | 12 (10.3) | 10 (8.6) |
| Nimkar et al. (37) | United States | Case-control | 8 | 179 | 148 | 71 (59,82) | 182 (55.7) | 40 (12.2) | 209 (63.9) | 139 (42.5) | 44 (13.5) | 98 (29.9) | 66(20.2) |
| Hectors et al. (38) | United States | Case-control | 7 | 16 | 29 | 65 (24,97) | 23 (51.0) | NA | 26 (57.8) | 13 (28.9) | NA | 11 (24.4) | NA |
| Ng et al. (39) | United States | Cohort | 8 | 3,854 | 5,803 | NA | 5,747 (59.5) | 492 (5.1) | 5,730 (59.3) | 3,469 (35.9) | 610 (6.3) | 2,040 (21.1) | 754(7.8) |
| Fominskiy et al. (40) | Italy | Case-control | 8 | 72 | 24 | NA | 80 (83.3) | 6 (6.3) | 42 (43.8) | 16 (16.7) | 7 (7.3) | 13 (13.5) | 3(3.1) |
| Hansrivijit et al. (41) | United States | Cohort | 8 | 115 | 168 | 64.1 ± 15.9 | 159 (56.2) | 66 (23.3) | 189 (66.8) | 108 (38.2) | 73 (25.8) | 53 (18.7) | NA |
| Paek et al. (42) | Korea | Case-control | 6 | 28 | 676 | NA | 210 (29.8) | NA | 226 (32.1) | 123 (17.5) | NA | NA | NA |
| Chaibi et al. (43) | European | Case-control | 7 | 55 | 156 | 60.0 ± 11.0 | 163 (77.0) | 18 (8.0) | 107 (51.0) | 78 (37.0) | NA | 28 (13.0) | NA |
| Sang et al. (44) | China | Case-control | 8 | 92 | 118 | 64 (56,71) | 131 (62.4) | 10 (4.8) | 98 (46.7) | 44 (21.0) | 5 (2.4) | 23 (11.0) | 14 (6.7) |
| Cheng et al. (45) | China | Cohort | 8 | 99 | 1239 | 63 (50,71) | 711 (51.0) | 21 (2.0) | 499 (36.0) | 241 (17.0) | 77 (6.0) | NA | 62 (5.0) |
| Lin et al. (46) | China | Case-control | 6 | 6 | 27 | 59.9 ± 12.8 | 23 (69.7) | 3 (9.1) | 15 (45.5) | 6 (18.2) | NA | 2 (6.1) | 3 (9.1) |
| Zhang et al. (47) | China | Cohort | 7 | 37 | 357 | 56 (42,67) | 186 (47.2) | NA | 115 (29.2) | 47 (11.9) | 23 (5.8) | 38 (9.6) | 24 (6.1) |
Data are presented as the means ± SD, n (%) or median (interquartile range). COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVD, cardiovascular diseases; CKD, chronic kidney disease; NA, data not available.