Table 6.

Univariable and multivariable analysis of risk factors for the development of diarrhea in 116 dogs undergoing surgery for TL-IVDE.

Variable	N	Diarrhea	Diarrhea	Univariable		Multivariable
		yes (%)	no (%)
				OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value
Neurological severity
Non-ambulatory	116	33 (34.7)	62 (65.3)	1.06 (0.39–2.90)	0.903
Ambulatory		7 (33.3)	14 (66.7)
Pain perception absent	116	10 (43.5)	13 (56.5)	1.62 (0.64–4.10)	0.313
Pain perception present		30 (32.3)	63 (67.7)
Anesthesia
Duration (hours)	112#	NA	NA	1.22 (0.87–1.72)	0.244
Intraoperative hypotension yes	116	9 (32.1)	19 (67.9)	0.87 (0.35–2.15)	0.765
Intraoperative hypotension no		31 (35.2)	57 (64.8)
Anti-inflammatory use
Duration (days)	116	NA	NA	1.02 (0.97–1.07)	0.512
None	116	4 (44.4)	5 (55.6)
Corticosteroid		8 (36.4)	14 (63.6)	1	NA	1	NA
NSAID		21 (28.4)	53 (71.6)	0.69 (0.25–1.89)	0.475	0.86 (0.18–4.09)	0.853
Both		7 (63.6)	4 (36.4)	3.06 (0.68–13.79)	0.145	4.37 (0.36–52.8)	0.246
PPIs
Prophylactic PPI	96∧	20 (38.5)	32 (61.5)	1.67 (0.70–3.97)	0.248
No PPI		12 (25.0)	32 (75.0)
No PPI or NSAID	92**	3 (27.3)	8 (72.7)
NSAID only		8 (22.2)	28 (77.8)	1	NA	1	NA
PPI only		7 (41.2)	10 (58.8)	2.45 (0.71–8.51)	0.158	1 (collinearity)	NA
Both		9 (32.1)	19 (67.9)	1.66 (0.54–5.06)	0.375	1.23 (0.37–4.07)	0.735
Hospitalization
Duration (days)	116	NA	NA	1.27 (1.07–1.50)	0.006*	1.40 (1.10–1.78)	0.005*

^#N = 112 excludes dogs where imaging and surgery occurred under separate anesthetic episodes.

^∧N = 96 excludes dogs in which PPI treatment was therapeutic or in which reason for administration was unknown.

^**N = 92 excludes dogs treated with both NSAIDs and corticosteroids or where PPI administration was therapeutic or unknown.

^*p < 0.05.