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. 2021 Nov 1;40(4):527–541. doi: 10.23876/j.krcp.21.138

Figure 4. Several pathways downstream from fructose metabolism.

Figure 4.

Fructose is initially metabolized to fructose 1-phosphate by fructokinase, which rapidly sequesters phosphate, consequently activating adenosine monophosphate (AMP) deaminase to cleave AMP to inosine monophosphate (IMP). Sequential enzymatic activation metabolizes IMP and eventually produces uric acid. Uric acid subsequently inhibits aconitase in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to suppress mitochondrial respiration. Glycolysis is preferentially activated, and several metabolites are fed into several side pathways, including the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and hexosamine pathway (HXP), which aberrantly activate energy production, synthesis of biosynthetic precursors, and redox homeostasis.

ADP, adenosine diphosphate; AldoB, aldorase B; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; DHAP, dihydroxyacetone phosphate; E4P, erythrose 4-phosphate; F1,6P, fructose 1,6-biphosphate; FK, fructokinase; Fru1P, fructose 1-phosphate; Fru6P, fructose 6-phosphate; G3P, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; GA, glyceraraldehyde; Glc6P, glucose 6-phosphate; GSH, glutathione; GSSH, glutathione-S-S-glutathione; NADP+, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NonOx, non-oxidative; Ox, oxidative; R5P, ribose 5-phosphate; Ru5P, ribulose 5-phosphate; S7P, sedoheptulose 7-phosphate; TKT, transketolase; X5P, xylulose 5-phosphate; 6PG, 6-phosphogluconate.