Table 3.
Equations for the prediction of energy expenditure in the pediatric population with overweight or obesity.
| References | N | Clinical condition | Age range | (R2) Predictive equation | Calorimeter |
Notes – Country where it was developed and/or population – Coding of variables of the equation – Body composition assessment method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| McDuffie et al. (17) | 191 B 311 G | Normal weight and overweight | 6–11 years |
Weight and height Boys (R2 = 0.72) • REE (Kcal/d) = (0.037 × W) – (4.67 ×1/H2) – (0.159 × R) – 6.792. Adjustment if predicted REE is ≤ 6.0 MJ, then REE = −0.217; else + 0.277 Girls (R2 = 0.69) • REE (Kcal/d) = (0.046 × W) – (4.492 ×1/H2) – (0.151 × R) + 5.841. Adjustment if predicted REE is ≤ 5.0 MJ, then REE = −0.457; else + 0.244 Body composition Boys (R2 = 0.75) • REE (Kcal/d) = (0.078 × FFM) + (0.026 × FM) - (2.646 ×1/H2) – (0.244 × R) + 4.8. Adjustment if predicted REE is ≤ 6.0 MJ, then REE = −0.255; else + 0.251 Girls (R2 = 0.71) • REE (Kcal/d) = (0.101 × FFM) + (0.025 × FM) + (0.293 × H2) – (0.185 × R) + 1.643. Adjustment if predicted REE is ≤ 5.0 MJ, then • •REE =-0.355; else + 0.251 |
SensorMedics 2900 or Deltatrac; SensorMedics Corp, Yorba Linda, CA | • Data from the National Institutes of Health Washington, DC; Philadelphia, PA; Pittsburgh, PA; and Baton Rouge, LA • R = Race (Black = 1/White = 0) • Body composition determined by DEXA |
| Dietz et al. (18) | No obesity 14 B 12 G Obesity 15 B 13 G 25 G | Normal weight and obesity | 10–18 years |
Boys (R2 = 0.79)* • BEE (kcal/d) = (16.6 × W) + (77 × H) + 572 Girls (R2 = 0.59)* • BEE (kcal/d) = (7.4 × W) + (482 × H) + 217 Girls (R2 = 0.84)* • BEE = 25.438 + (34.913 × FFM) |
Not reported | •Boston, MA •FAO/WHO equation for weight and height for ages 10–18 years •Body composition measurement method was not documented |
| Tounian et al. (19) | No obesity 8 Obesity 19 | Normal weight and obesity | 11–17 years |
Control group (No obesity) Girls (R2 = 0.60)* • REE (Kcal/d) = (23.2 × FFM) + 726 Obesity Girls (R2 = 0.50)* • REE (Kcal/d) = (18.1 × FFM) + 872.2 • REE (Kcal/d) = (24.7 × FFM) – (8.92 × BF) + 841 |
MMC Horizon-Beckman gas analyzer (SensorMedics Corp., Anaheim, CA) | • Paris, France • Body composition was calculated using the formula of Durnin and Rahaman |
| Maffeis et al. (20) | No obesity 97 Obesity 33 | Normal weight and obesity | 6–10 years |
Boys (R2 = 0.58) • 6–10 years → REE (kJ/d) = 1,287 + (28.6 × W) + (23.6 × H) – (69.1 × A) Girls (R2 = 0.69) • 6–10 years → REE (kJ/d) = 1,552 + (35.8 × W) + (15.6 × H) – (36.3 × A) |
Deltatrac calorimeter; Instrumentarium Oy, Datex Division, Helsinki, Finland | • Italy • Body composition was calculated using the Lohman formula |
| Molnár et al. (21) | No obesity 116 B 119 G Obesity 77 B 59 G | Normal weight and obesity | 10–16 years |
Boys (R2 = 0.884) • REE (kJ/d) = (50.0 × W) + (25.3 × H) – (50.3 × A) + 26.9 Girls (R2 = 0.824) • REE (kJ/d) = (51.2 × W) + (24.5 × H) – (207.5 × A) + 1,629.8 Boys and Girls (R2 = 0.859) • REE (kJ/d) = (50.2 × W) + (26.9 × H) – (144.5 × A) – (550 × G) + 594. 3 |
Deltatrac indirect calorimeter (Datex, Instrumentarium OY, Helsinki, Finland) | • Hungary • Gender: 0 boys and 1 girls • Body composition was determined by skinfold measurements according to Parizkova and Roth |
| Müller et al. (22) | 243 | Normal weight and obesity | 5–17 years |
R2 = 0.72) • REE (MJ/d) = (0.02606 × W) + (0.04129 × H) + (0.311 × G) – (0.08369 × A) – 0.808 R2 = 0.72) • REE (MJ/d) = (0.07885 × FFM) + (0.02132 × FM) + (0.327 × G) + 2.694 |
Deltatrac, TM MBM-100; Hoyer, Bremen, Germany | • Germany • Gender: 1 boys and 0 girls • Body composition was determined by BIA |
| Uemura et al. (23) | 76 | Normal weight and obesity | 12–13 years |
Total equation (R2 = 0.65) • REE (Kcal/d) = (40.2 × G) + (11.2 × W) + (9.6 × H) + (10.3 × FFM) – 767 Equation with obesity (R2 = 0.55) • REE (Kcal/d) = (23.7 × W) + (11.3 × H) – (10.7 × FM) – 1,162.3 Equation with weight normal (R2 = 0.48) • REE (Kcal/d) = (40.4 × FFM) + 146.4 |
Douglas 1911; Yamauchi and Ohtsuka 200 | • Indonesia • Gender: 1 boys and 0 girls • Body composition was determined by BIA |
| IOM (12) | 127 B 192 G | Overweight and obesity | 3–18 years |
Boys (R2 = 0.88) • BEE (kcal/d) = 419.9 – (33.5 × A) + (418.9 × H) + (16.7 × W) Girls (R2 = 0.76) • BEE (kcal/d) = 515.8 – (26.8 × A) + (347 × H) + (12.4 × W) |
Doubly labeled water technique | • Caucasian, African American, Hispanic, and American Indian populations • Height in meters (m) |
| Tverskaya et al. (24) | 50 B 60 G | Obesity | 6–10 years |
(R2 = 0.84) • BEE (Kcal/d) = 775 + (28.4 × FFM)–(37 × A) + (3.3 × FM) + (82 × G) |
Deltatrac (Model MBM-100, SensorMedics Corp., Yorba Linda, CA) | • Brooklyn, New York • Gender: 1 boys and 0 girls • Body composition was determined by BIA |
| Derumeaux-Burel et al. (25) | 191 B 280 G | Obesity | 3–18 years |
Boys (R2 = 0.79) • REE (Kcal/d) = (0.1096 × FFM) + 2.8862 Girls (R2 = 0.76) • REE (Kcal/d) = (0.1371 × FFM) – (0.1644 × A) + 3.3647 |
Deltatrac II apparatus (Datex Engström, Helsinki) | • France • Body composition was determined by BIA |
| Schmelzle et al. (26) | 49 B 33 G | Obesity | 4–15 years |
Equation 1 (group 1 both) (R2 = 0.64)* • 4–10 years → REE (kcal/d) = (38.8 × FFMDEXA) + 505 Equation 2 (group 2 Boys) (R2 = 0.65)* • 11–15 years → REE (kcal/d) = (27.2 × FFMDEXA) + 766) Equation 3 (group 3 Girls) (R2 = 0.65)* • 11–15 years → REE (kcal/d) = (12.1 × W) + 689 Equation 4 (group 1 both) (R2 = 0.59)* • 4–10 years → REE (kcal/d) = (15.0 × W) + (5.3 × H)−3 Equation 5 (group 2 Boys) (R2 = 0.57)* • 11–15 years → REE (kcal/d) = (6.6 × W) + (13.1 × H)−794 Equation 6 (group 3 Girls) (R2 = 0.65)* • 11–15 years → REE (kcal/d) = (11.9 × W) + (0.84 × H) + 579 |
Deltatrac I1 metabolic monitor (Datex, Finland) | • Germany • Body composition was determined by DEXA |
| Lazzer et al. (27) | 242 B 332 G | Obesity | 7–18 years |
(R2 = 0.66) • REE (kJ/d) = (G ×892.68) – (A ×115.93) + (W ×54.96) + (H ×1,816.23) + 1,484.50 (R2 = 0.66) • REE (kJ/d) = (G ×909.12) – (A ×107.48) + (FFM ×68.39 + (FM ×55.19) + 3,631.23) |
Vmax 29; SensorMedics, Yorba Linda, CA, USA | • Italy, Caucasian population • Height in meters (m) • Gender: 1 boys and 0 girls • Body composition was determined by the de Lazzer equation and validated by DEXA |
| Chan et al. (28) | 71 B 29 G | Obesity | 7–18 years |
(R2 = 0.7) REE (kcal/d) = (17.4 × logFFM) + (11.4 × ConI) – (2.4 × CenI) – 31.3 |
Deltatrac II MBM-200; Instrumentarium Corp, Helsinki, Finland | • China • ConI (conicity index) = waist circumference (m)/0.109 √ [P/T (in meters)] • CenI (centrality index = subscapular/triceps skinfold measurement) • Body composition by DEXA |
| Lazzer et al. (29) | 1,412 | Obesity | 7–18 years |
Equation 1 (Adjusted
R2
= 0.59) • BEE (kcal/d) = (12 × W) – (14 × A) + (241 × G) + 909 Equation 2 (Adjusted R2 = 0.59) • BEE (kcal/d) = (24 × FFM) – (7 × A) + (179 × G) + 870 |
Vmax 29; SensorMedics, Yorba Linda, CA | • Italy • Gender: 1 boys and 0 girls • Body composition was determined by BIA; FFM was estimated using the Lazzer et al. prediction equation |
| Lazzer et al. (30) | 682 B 1014 G | Obesity | 7–18 years |
(R2 = 0.69) • BEE (MJ/d) = (W ×0.044) + (H ×2.836) – (pubertal stage ×0.148) + (G ×0.781) – 0.551 (Adjusted R2 = 0.70) • BEE (MJ/d) = (FFM ×0.082) + (FM ×0.037) - (pubertal stage ×0.125) + (G ×0.706) + 2.528 |
Vmax29, SensorMedics, Yorba Linda, CA, USA | • Caucasian population, Italy • Height in meters (m) • Pubertal stage: (1 = prepubertal to 5 = fully mature) • Gender: 1 boys and 0 girls • Body composition was determined by BIA; FFM was estimated using the prediction equation of Lazzer et al. |
| Acar-Tek et al. (31) | 57 B 46 G | Obesity | 7–17 years | (Adjsuted R2 = 0.419) • REE (Kcal/d) = 451.722 + (23.202 × FFM) |
COSMED, FitMatePro, Rome, Italy | • Ankara, Turkey • Body composition was determined by BIA |
| Zhang et al. (32) | 148 | Obesity | 7–13 years |
(R2 = 0.401) • REE (Kcal/d) = 54.41 – (1.36 × A) – (2.25 × BMISDS) – (0.16 × FFM) |
Not reported | • Chinese population • BMISDS = body mass index standard deviation score • Body composition was determined by BIA |
| Chu et al. (33) | 26 | Obesity | Adolescents |
(R2 = 0.730) • REE (Kcal/d) = (10.733 × FM) + (12.727 × FFM) + 595.071 |
(Vmax Encore V29C; SensorMedics Corp., Yorba Linda, CA) | • Toronto, Ontario • Reactance and reactivity were determined by BIA; body composition was determined by the equations of Gray et al. |
BEE, basal energy expenditure; REE, resting energy expenditure; B, boys; G, girls; W, weight (kg); H, height (cm); A, age (years); FFM, fat free mass (kg); FM, fat mass (kg); BF, body fat (kg); G, gender (sex), as reported in the original equation; DEXA: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; kcal, kilocalories; kJ, kilojoules; MJ, megajoules; BIA, bioelectrical impedance analysis.
*
The equations with Pearson's R were converted by squaring its value to obtain the value of R2 to standardize the values.