Table 4.
Equations for the prediction of energy expenditure in the pediatric population with specific clinical situations.
| References | N | Clinical condition | Age range | (R2) Predictive equation | Calorimeter |
Notes – Country where it was developed and/or population – Coding of variables of the equation – Body composition assessment method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Williams et al. (41) | 6 B 14 G | Sickle cell anemia | 5–17 years |
Harris-Benedict modified Boys • REE (kcal/d) = [66.5 + (13.75 × W) + (5 × H) – (6.76 × A)] × (1.3278–0.0242 × Hb) Girls • REE (kcal/d) = [655 + (9.56 × W) + (1.85 × H) – (4.68 × A)] × (13595–0.0242 × Hb) FAO/OMS modified Boys • 3–10 years → REE (kcal/d) = [(22.7 × W) + 495] × (1.3074–0.0309 × Hb) • 10–18 years → REE (kcal/d) = [(17.5 × W) + 651] × (1.3074–0.0309 × Hb) Girls • 3–10 years → REE (kcal/d) = [(22.5 × W) + 499] × (1.4775–0.0309 × Hb) • 10–18 years → REE (kcal/d) = [(12.2 × W) + 746] × (1.4775–0.0309 × Hb) |
CPX-MAX-D cardiopulmonary gas exchange system (Medical Graphics) | • Memphis, TN • Body composition was determined by BIA • Hb = hemoglobin (g/dl) |
| Buchowski et al. (42) | 18 B 19 G | Sickle cell anemia | 14–18 years |
Equation 1 Both (R2 = 0.879) • REE (kJ/d) = 3882 + (101 × FFM) – (439.8 × G=girls=) – (112.9 × Hb) Equation 2 (simple) Boys (R2 = 0.760) • REE (kcal/d) = 1305 + (18.6 × W) – (55.7 × Hb) Girls (R2 = 0.855) • REE (kcal/d) = 1100 + (13.3 × W) – (30.2 × Hb) |
Not reported | • Nashville, TN • Gender: 0 boys and 1 girls • Body composition was determined by hydrodensitometry. • Hb = hemoglobin (g/dl) |
| Scalfi et al. (43) | 36 | Anorexia nervosa | 13–17 years |
Adolescents (R2 = 0.484)* • BEE (kcal/d) = 313.4 + (100.8 × W) • BEE (kcal/d) = 92.8 × W |
Canopy system: MMC Horizon, SensorMedics, Anaheim, USA | • Italy |
| Bertoli et al. (44) | 49 B 73 G | Spinal muscular atrophy type 1 | Under 10 years |
Spontaneous breathing (R2 = 0.630) • REE (kcal/d) = (35 × W) + (75 × tx nusinersen) + 219 (R2 = 0.630) • REE (kcal/d) = (6 × SL) + (75 × tx nusinersen) + 10 (R2 = 0.620) • REE (kcal/d) = (24 × TL) + (97 × tx nusinersen) + 179 Mechanical ventilation (R2 = 0.22) • REE (kcal/d) = (14 × TL) +200 × tx nusinersen) + 190 |
VMAX Sensor Medics 29 | • Caucasian population • Tx nusinersen: 1 = Yes • SL = supine length in centimeters (cm) • TL = tibia length in centimeters (cm) |
| Goran et al. (45) | 56 | Burn injury | 4–14 years |
Resting energy expenditure • REE (kcal/d) = 1.29 × PBEE Energy required to ensure 95% of patients receive enough energy • TEE (kcal/d) = [1.55 × PBEE + (2.39 × PBEE0.75)] |
Beckman metabolic cart (Fullerton, CA) | • Texas • PBEE= prediction of basal energy expenditure (kcal) |
| Mayes et al. (46) | 48 | Burn injury | Under 3 years and 5–10 years |
Patients younger than 3 years of age (R2 = 0.71) • REE = 108 + (68 × PW) + (3.9 × % burn) (R2 = 0.68) • REE = 179 + (66 × PW) + (3.2 × % third-degree burn) Patients 5 to 10 years of age (R2 = 0.70) • REE = 818 + (37.4 × PW) + (9.3 × % burn) (R2 = 0.67) • REE = 950 + (38.5 × PW) + (5.9 × third-degree burn) |
Delta Trac, SensorMedics, Yorba Linda, CA | • Cincinnati, OH • Applicable for burns covering 10 to 50% of BSA • PW = preburn weight in kg • Percentage of BSA with 3rd degree burns (%) |
| White et al. (47) | 58 B 42 G | Critical illness and ventilation | 54 ± 53 months |
Equation 1 (R2 = 0.898) • EE (kJ/d) = (20 × A) + (31 × W) + (151 × WAZ score) + (279 × Temp) + (122 × days UCI) – 9200 + constant Equation 2 (simplified) (R2 = 0.867) • EE (kJ/d)= (17 × A) + (48 × W) + (292 × Temp) – 9677 |
Deltatrac II (Datex-Engstrom, Helsinki, Finland) | • Brisbane, Australia • Age in months • WAZ score= Weight-for-age Z-score • ICU days = the number of days since admission to the ICU (if > 4, then multiplied by 4) • Temp = body temperature (°C) • Constant= + 0 (head injury); + 105 (postsurgical procedure);−512 (respiratory disease); + 98 (other);−227 (sepsis) |
| Meyer et al. (48) | 175 | Critical illness and ventilation | 3–16 years |
Equation A (R2 = 0.833) • <3 years → REE (kcal/d) = 309 + (48.4 × W) + (1.22x A) – (0.377 × W2) – 283.7 + (6.2 × A) + Dxcat – (Dxcatw × W) • 3–10 years → REE (kcal/d) = 309 + (48.4 × W) + (1.22 × A) – (0.377 × W2) + 259 – (7.6 × A) + Dxcat – (Dxcatw × W) • 11–18 years → REE (kcal/d) = 309 + (48.4 × W) + (1.22x A) – (0.30.377 × W2) + diagnosis coefficient* - (diagnosis coefficient × W) Equation B (R2 = 0.839) • <3 years → REE (kcal/d) = (87.5 × W) – 66 + Dxcat – (0.727 × W2) – (33 × W) • 3–10 years → REE (kcal/d) = (87.5 × W) + 20 + Dxcat – (0.727 × W2) – (37.4 × W) • 11–18 years → REE (kcal/d) = (87.5 × W) – 984 + Dxcat – (0.727 × W2) Equation C (R2 = 0.829) • <3 years → REE (kcal/d) = (88 × W) + 92 – (0.7 × W2) – (37 × W) • 3–10 years → REE (kcal/d) = (88 × W) + 110 – (0.7 × W2) – (37 × W) • 11–18 years → REE (kcal/d) = (88 × W) – 910 – (0.7 × W2) |
Deltatrac II NMN-200 (Datex Ohmeda, Helsinki, Finland) | • London, UK Equation A Dxcat = Diagnostic category Multiorgan failure = 226 Respiratory failure = 79 Central nervous system = 33 Surgery = 0 Dxcatw = Diagnosis category + weight in kg Multiorgan failure = 18 Respiratory failure = 8 Central nervous system = 10 Surgery = 0 Equation B Dxcat = Diagnostic category Multiorgan failure = 143 Respiratory failure = 168 Central nervous system = 114 Cardiovascular and surgery = 142 Liver disease = 0 |
| Mehta et al. (49) | 72 | Critical illness and ventilation | Under 18 years | REE (kcal/d) = 5.534 × VCO2 ×1,440 | Vmax_ Encore (Viasys Healthcare, Loma Linda, CA) | • Boston, MA • VCO2= Volume of carbon dioxide (L/min) |
| Jhang and Park (50) | 32 B 38 G | Critical illness and mechanical ventilation | 5 −17 years |
(R2 = 0.865) • EE (kcal/d) = −321.264 + (72.152 × W) – (1.396 × W2) + (5.668 × H) + organ dysfunction* |
CARESCAPE Monitor B650; GE Healthcare Finland Oy, Helsinki, Finland | • Korea • *hematologic= 76.699 • *neurologic = 87.984 |
| Pierro et al. (51) | 24 B 22 G | Gastrointestinal surgery | Under 6 months |
(R2 = 0.84)* • REE (cal/min) = −74.436 + (34.661 × W) + (0.496 × Heart rate in beats/min) + (0.178 × A) |
Taylor Servomex, Sussex, UK | • Liverpool, UK • Age in days • Conversion from cal/min to kcal/kg/d—the result of the equation is multiplied by 1.44 and divided by the weight in kg |
| Mayes et al. (52) | 15 | Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis | 9–12 years |
(R2 = 0.73) • REE (kcal/d) = (24.6 × PW) + (wound size (%) ×4.1) + 940 |
DeltaTrac, SensorMedics, Yorba Linda, CA | • Cincinnati, OH • PW = Preinjury weight (kg) • Wound size (%) = percentage of the wound in relation to the total body surface area |
| Salas et al. (53) | 37 | Parenteral nutrition | 2–7 years |
(R2 = 0.974)* • REE (kcal/d) = (54.4 × FFM) + (0.095 × Creatinine/Weight) + 4.67 |
MMC Horizon (SensorMedics Metabolic Measurement Cart, Beckman Instruments, Inc., Anaheim, CA) | • Paris, France • Body composition measured by Brook's equation and Siri's equation based on skinfold measurements • Creatinine/weight in mmol/kg/d |
| Moukarzel et al. (54) | 12 B 14 G | Parenteral nutrition | 38–62 months |
Equation 1 (R2 = 0.98) • REE (kcal/d) = (56.6 × FFM) + 97.9 Equation 2 (R2 = 0.92) • REE (kcal/d) = (45.6 × W) + 136 Equation 3 (R2 = 0.985) • REE (kcal/d) = (68.9 × FFM) + (3.3 × FM) |
MMC Horizon metabolic cart (Beckman Instruments Inc., Anaheim, CA) | • Paris, France • Body composition measured by Brook's equation and Siri's equation based on skinfold measurements |
BEE, basal energy expenditure; REE, resting energy expenditure; TEE, total energy expenditure; EE, energy expenditure, B, boys; G, girls; W, weight (kg); H, height (cm); A, age (years)*; FFM, fat-free mass (kg); FM, fat mass; G, gender (sex), as reported in the original equation; kcal, kilocalories; kJ, kilojoules; cal, calories.
*
To standardize the units, the equations with Pearson's R values were converted by squaring this coefficient to obtain the value of R2.