Table 1.

Pathogens by specific job title or broader occupational groups

Occupational group	ISCO code	Pathogen
Abattoir workers and related food preparers	7511	(Methicillin-resistant) Staphylococcus aureus, (swine (H3N2/H1N2) influenza virus, (avian) influenza virus (H9/H9N2), Avian metapneumovirus, Bacillus anthracis , Brucella abortus spp, Campylobacter spp, Chlamydia psittaci , Coxiella burnetii, Escherichia coli, Francisella tulariensis (=), hepatitis B virus, hepatitis E virus, Leptospira borgpetersenii/ hardjo/interrogans/pomona, Rift Valley fever virus, SARS-CoV-2 virus, S. aureus (=), Streptococcus pyogenes, Toxocara canis, Toxoplasma gondii (=)
Airline personnel	5111	Hepatitis E virus, measles morbilivirus
Animal carers	5164	Bartonella hensalae, Borrelia burgdorferi, B. canis , Capillaria hepatica, C. psittaci, C. burnetii , hantavirus (=), (canine H3N8 (=)) influenza virus, Leptospira spp, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, mouse retroviruses (XMRV (=)/MLV (=)), simian foamy virus, simian parvovirus, simian type D retrovirus, T. canis, T. gondii (≈)
Archaeologists	211	Coccidioides immitis
Armed forces	0000	(Methicillin-susceptible) S. aureus, adenovirus (7/11A/B), astrovirus, chikungunya virus, C. pneumoniae , coxsackie virus (A6), C. burnetii , dengue virus, ECHO virus, hepatitis A/B/C (≈)/E virus, influenza A(H1N1/H3N2/H1N1pdm09)/B virus, Legionella spp, Leishmania spp, Leptospira spp, measles morbilivirus, Microsporum canis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, mumps rubulavirus, norovirus, Orientia tsutsugamushi, Plasmodium falciparum/ovale/vivax, respiratory syncytial virus, Ross River virus, non-typhoidal Salmonella enteretica, sapovirus, Sarcoptes scabiei, SARS-CoV-2 virus, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, Trypanosomi cruzii (=), Yersinia enterocolica
Bar workers	513	HIV (=)
Barbers	5141	Hepatitis B virus (=)
Building workers	711	C. immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum
Cash collectors	523	M. tuberculosis
Civil engineering labourers	9312	Legionella pneumophila
Cleaners	515	Hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, M. tuberculosis
Divers	7541	Campylobacter jejuni, enteroviruses, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Farm workers, crops	6111	B. burgdorferi, Clostridium tetani, C. immitis, C. burnetii, E. coli, F. tularensis, Leishmania spp, L. borgpetersenii/ spp, Strongyloides stercoralis, tick-borne encephalitis virus (=), Toscana virus (=), T. canis, usutu virus (=), West Nile virus (=)
Firefighters	5411	Cryptosporidium parvum
Fishmongers	7511	Anasakis simplex, hepatitis E virus
Forestry workers	6210	Anaplasma phagocytophilum, B. henselae , B. burgdorferi/miyamotoi , C. burnetii, Francisella tularensis , hantavirus, hepatitis E virus, Leptospira spp (=), Rickettsia conorii, R. helvetica, tick-borne encephalitis virus ( $\approx$ ),Toscana virus (=), T. gondii, usutu virus (=), West Nile virus (=)
Gardeners	6113	F. tularensis
Hotel workers	9112	L. pneumophila
Livestock and dairy producers	6121	(Methicillin-resistant) S. aureus, extended pectrum β-lactamase (≈/AmpC-producing E. coli, (equine (H3N8 (=))/swine/avian (H4 (=)/H5 (=)/H6 (=)/H7 (=)/H8 (=)/H9 (=)/H10 (=)/H11 (=)/H5N1/H5N2/H11N1/H9N2/H7N9) influenza virus, B. anthracis , B. burgdorferi ( $\approx$ ), Brucella spp (≈), Campylobacter spp, C. psittaci, C. tetani, C. burnetii, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus, Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis E virus, Leishmania spp, L. icterohaemorrhagiae/spp, M. bovis, Rift Valley fever virus , Salmonella spp ( $\approx$ ), severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus, S. suis, S. stercoralis, T. canis, T. gondii ( $\approx$ ), West Nile virus
Livestock farm labourers	9212	(Methicillin-resistant) S. aureus, (multidrug-resistant) S. aureus, (methicillin-resistant) coagulase-negative staphylococci, extended spectrum β-lactamase/AmpC-producing E. coli, STEC O157/non-(STEC) O157, (avian (H4 (=)/H5 (=)/H6 (=)/H7 (=)/H8 (=)/H9 (=)/H10 (=)/H9N2/H5N2/H7N3/H11N1/H5N1/ H7N9)/swine(H2N3 (=)/H3N2v/H1N1/H3N2/(H1N1)pdm09)/H1N2) influenza virus, Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus , B. burgdorferi, Brucella spp, Campylobacter spp, Candida albicans , C. psittaci, Clostridium spp*, Clostridium tetani, C. burnetii, C. parvum , H. pylori, hepatitis E virus, L. icterohaemorrhagiae, Moraxella spp*, M. bovis , Prevotella spp*, R. conorii, R. felis , Rift Valley fever virus , non-typhoidal S. enteretica , S. stercoralis, T. canis, T. gondii, West Nile virus
Manicurists	5142	Hepatitis B virus (=), hepatitis C virus (=), HIV (=)
Mining and mineral processing plant operators	811	(Panton-Valentine leucocidin-producing methicillin-susceptible) S. aureus, Leptospira spp, Marburg virus, measles morbillivirus, M. tuberculosis , Sporothrix schenckii
Office clerks	4110	Mumps rubulavirus
Plant and machine operators and assemblers (metal and textile/leather)	812, 815	B. anthracis, C. burnetii , H. capsulatum, L. pneumophila, measles morbillivirus, mumps rubulavirus, M. chelonae, N. meningitidis C , S. enteritidis , S. pyogenes, norovirus
Police officers	5412	HIV (=), mumps rubulavirus, varicella zoster virus
Prison guards	5413	M. tuberculosis
Professional drivers (bus or taxi)	8322	Legionella spp, M. tuberculosis
Sex workers (female, male, cis or transgender, internet escort)	5168	C. trachomatis, hepatitis B virus ( $\approx$ ), hepatitis C virus (≈), herpes simplex virus-2, HIV ( $\approx$ ), human papilloma virus (type 6/16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/53, 56/58/59/66/67/68), human T-lymphotrophic virus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Treponema pallidum (≈), Trichomonas vaginalis
Ship’s stewards	5111	SARS-CoV-2 virus
Shop salespersons	522	SARS-CoV-2 virus
Social workers	3412	M. tuberculosis, Shigella sonnei
Teachers, primary	2341	Cytomegalovirus, N. meningitidis
Technicians	313	Mumps rubulavirus
Television crew	265	C. immitis
Waste collectors	9611	Blastocystis hominis (=), Brucella spp, C. burnetii , Cryptosporidium spp (=), Entameuba histolytica (=), Giardia intestinalis (=), H. pylori, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus (≈), hepatitis E virus (=), Leptospira spp (=), T. gondii
Wastewater workers	3132	(Antibiotic-resistant) coagulase-negative staphylococci, (methicillin-resistant) S. aureus (=), methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (=), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (=), vancomycin-susceptible enterococci, H. pylori (=), hepatitis A virus ( $\approx$ ), hepatitis E virus ( $\approx$ ), H. capsulatum
Welders	7212	S. pneumoniae

Marked in bold are occupational groups or pathogens that were not yet described by studies in the former review of Haagsma et al.² Pathogens with a possible portal of entry by inhalation (via the respiratory tract) are highlighted.

=, no increased risk when compared with a control group from the general population; ≈, some studies revealed no increased risk while other studies showed an increased risk.

*Nasopharyngeal microbiota content.

ISCO, International Standard Classification of Occupation; MRV, murine leukemia viruses; STEC, Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia. coli ; XMRV, xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus.