Table 1.

Cigarette smoking-related phenotypic changes of alveolar macrophages

Cell surface marker	Function	Level of expression in smokers	Reference
CD11c	Integrin alpha X chain; adherence to stimulated endothelium and phagocytosis of complement-coated particles	↑	31 43 44
CD14	Co-receptor working with toll-like receptors; facilitates response to lipopolysaccharide	↑	38
CD16	Type III Fc gamma binds immunoglobulin; participates in signal transduction and phagocytosis	↓	43
CD31	Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule; promotes tethering of apoptotic cells in efferocytosis	↓	38
CD36	Scavenger receptor; regulates efferocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils and role in fatty acid uptake and lipid metabolism	↓	40
CD44	Cell surface glycoprotein involved in cell–cell interactions, adhesion and migration; receptor of efferocytosis	↓	38 42
CD54	Intercellular adhesion molecule-1; involved in cell–cell interactions and leucocyte migration	↓	43 45
CD71	Transferrin receptor; role in iron metabolism and iron import into cells through endocytosis	↓	38 45
CD91	Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein; binds to collagen like region on lung collectins and role in phagocytosis	↓	38
CD163	Scavenger receptor for haemoglobin–haptoglobin complex; innate immune receptor for bacteria and can be influenced by corticosteroids	↓	40