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. 2021 Dec 6;9:681665. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.681665

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Copyright © 2021 Gurung, Tse, Keung, Li and Wong.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Diagram showing the changes caused by hypokalaemia in human pluripotent stem cell-derived human ventricular cardiac anisotropic sheet (hvCAS) during acute hypokalaemic (hypoK) experiment where the treatment was for 15 min before data acquisition. Hypokalaemia refers to 3 mM KCl in Tyrode solution on the samples. Those changes make cardiomyocytes prone to arrhythmia in hypokalaemic conditions. The boxes highlighted in grey are adapted from literature research. Those changes leading to arrhythmia can be visualized on the hvCAS.