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. 2021 Dec 20;14:206. doi: 10.1186/s13045-021-01218-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Schematic illustration of tumor cells interacting with activated T cell. Inhibitory immune checkpoints, such as CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1 and B7-H3, bind with their partners to blockade T cell activity, while ICBs, such as anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1 activate T cell by preventing the interaction cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4); major histocompatibility complex I (MHCI); T cell receptor (TCR); programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1); programmed death‐1(PD-1); immune checkpoint blockade (ICB)