Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of 26,582 US adults
| Participants without diabetes | Participants with diabetes | All participants | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size | 22,909 | 3673 | 26,582 | NA |
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 47 (18) | 61 (14) | 49 (19) | < 0.001 |
| Sex (male), % | 47.4 | 50.9 | 47.9 | < 0.001 |
| Ethnicity, % | < 0.001 | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 46.2 | 38.8 | 45.2 | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 21.3 | 24.8 | 21.8 | |
| Mexican American | 21.8 | 24.1 | 22.1 | |
| Other | 10.8 | 12.2 | 11.0 | |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 130 (97) | 186 (192) | 137 (117) | < 0.001 |
| PG, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 96 (10) | 156 (63) | 104 (33) | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c, %, mean (SD) | 5.3 (0.4) | 7.3 (1.8) | 5.6 (1.0) | < 0.001 |
| Insulin, μU/mL, mean (SD) | 11.1 (8.4) | 18.5 (22.8) | 12.1 (11.8) | < 0.001 |
| HOMA-IR, mean (SD) | 2.7 (2.2) | 7.2 (9.8) | 3.3 (4.5) | < 0.001 |
| CRP, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 0.44 (0.79) | 0.65 (1.01) | 0.47 (0.83) | < 0.001 |
| Obesity, % | < 0.001 | |||
| Underweight | 1.8 | 0.7 | 1.6 | |
| Normal | 34.5 | 14.6 | 31.7 | |
| Overweight | 34.8 | 31.3 | 34.3 | |
| Obese | 28.0 | 51.4 | 31.3 | |
| Unknown | 0.9 | 2.0 | 1.1 | |
| Poverty-income ratio, % | < 0.001 | |||
| < 130% | 27.8 | 33.5 | 28.6 | |
| 130–349% | 36.8 | 38.0 | 37.0 | |
| ≥ 350% | 27.2 | 18.9 | 26.1 | |
| Unknown | 8.1 | 9.5 | 8.3 | |
| Education, % | < 0.001 | |||
| < High School | 30.5 | 43.9 | 32.3 | |
| High School | 26.0 | 24.1 | 25.7 | |
| > High School | 43.5 | 32.0 | 41.9 | |
| Physical activity, % | < 0.001 | |||
| Inactive | 27.5 | 19.1 | 26.4 | |
| Insufficiently active | 38.3 | 30.3 | 37.2 | |
| Active | 34.2 | 50.6 | 36.5 | |
| Alcohol consumption, % | < 0.001 | |||
| 0 drink/week | 16.3 | 27.3 | 17.8 | |
| < 1 drink/week | 22.8 | 20.3 | 22.5 | |
| 1–6 drinks/week | 21.5 | 11.6 | 20.2 | |
| ≥ 7 drinks/week | 13.5 | 8.9 | 12.8 | |
| Unknown | 25.8 | 31.9 | 26.7 | |
| Smoking status, % | < 0.001 | |||
| Past smoker | 23.3 | 17.5 | 22.5 | |
| Current smoker | 23.6 | 35.0 | 25.2 | |
| Unknown | 53.1 | 47.5 | 52.3 | |
| Hypercholesterolemia, % | 32.1 | 53.6 | 35.1 | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension, % | 34.3 | 69.5 | 39.1 | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes, % | 0 | 100 | 13.8 | NA |
| Family history of diabetes, % | 40.6 | 61.9 | 43.5 | < 0.001 |
| Use of lipid-lowering drugs, % | 8.3 | 30.2 | 11.3 | < 0.001 |
Abbreviations: CRP C-reactive protein, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, NA not applicable, PG plasma glucose, SD standard deviation