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. 2021 Dec 20;52:147. doi: 10.1186/s13567-021-01019-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Syncytium formation and protein expression in BHK-21 monolayer cells coexpressing HN and F proteins for 24 h. A The extent of syncytium formation is shown for representative BHK-21 monolayer cells alone or cells expressing pCAGGS + F, HN-CE16 + F, HN-CI10 + F, or HN bearing the G215A and A430T substitutions. The cells were photographed under a fluorescence inverted microscope with 100-fold magnification, Bar = 100 µm. The fusion indices were determined by measuring the syncytium diameters (n = 10). B Total HN and F protein expression was verified by western blotting. The cleavage indices were determined according to the F1/F0 ratios, which were quantified by densitometry using ImageJ software. All marks indicate significance in comparison to HN-CE16 (100%), and the results are presented the mean ± SD of the results of three independent experiments. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001.