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. 2021 Jun 23;19(7):1101–1154. doi: 10.2174/1570159X19666210101130258
Study Species Sexes Sexes Combined or Separated Sample Size Singular/
Chronic Dosing
Chronic Timing Dose (mg/kg) Route Treatment Age (PD) Testing Age (PD) Temperature (°C) Social Restriction Males Females Both
Piper 2008 [205] Rat Males NA 20-24 Chronic 4 doses, 1 each hour 10 s.c. “Young adult” (307.7g) “Young adult” 23 Nil No effect. NA NA
Procopio-Souza 2011 [85] Mouse Males NA 24 Chronic Acute dose, then repeat 10 days later 10 i.p. 90 90, 100 22-23 NA Increased locomotor frequency (housing: group > individual). Group-housed: increased social-interaction time. 2nd dose: higher locomotion frequency; group-housed: repeated dosing did not modify social behavior; but increased body contact, peaceful following; decreased anogenital sniffing. NA NA
Ramos 2013 [229] Rat Males NA 32 Singular NA 2.5, 5 i.p. “Adult” (250-300g) Same day 23 1 hour 5 mg/kg: increased adjacent-lying time, decreased anogenital sniffing and rearing. NA NA
Ramos 2015 [230] Rat Males NA 10 Singular NA 5 i.p. “Adult” (250-300g) “Adult” (250-300g) 21 Nil More time spent in physical contact with a conspecific (but this also occurred with an inanimate object). NA NA
Rodriguez-Arias 2011 [231] Mouse Males NA 40 Chronic Twice, 4 hours apart, on each of 2 days, 6 days apart 10, 20 i.p. 41, 42 64 21 Nil 20 mg/kg: less social-investigation time, less threat and attack times, more non-social exploration time. NA NA
Rodriguez-Arias 2015 [232] Mouse Males NA 179 Chronic Twice daily (4-hour intervals), over 2 consecutive days a week 10, 20 i.p. 33, 34, 40, 41 75 21 Nil More aggression (10, 20 mg/kg: more attacks; 10 mg/kg: more threats). 10 mg/kg: more time in social investigation, less time in non-social investigation. NA NA
Shen 2011 [233] Rat Males NA 60 Chronic Twice every 5th day 10 s.c. 52-62 72 26 7 days Reduced crawling frequency and time. NA NA
Slais 2005 [234] Mouse Both NA NA Chronic 2.5 mg/kg: once daily for 5 consecutive days; 30 mg/kg: 8 days later 2.5, 30 p.o. NA NA NA Nil Decreased aggression in aggressive mice, decreased prosocial behaviour in timid mice. Increased defence-escape behaviour. MDMA pre-treatment (2.5 mg/kg) had no effect. - -
Slais 2005 [235] Mouse Males NA NA Singular NA 2.5, 10, 30 p.o. NA NA NA Always Decreased aggression,
increased sociability and
defence-escape behaviours in aggressive mice.
Increased defence-escape
behaviour and decreased
sociability in
timid mice.
NA NA