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The pipeline in our study; when training a named entity recognition (NER) mode, the data representation model based on the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) model and the combination of token features (pink boxes) and radical features (green boxes) were fed into the bidirectional long short-term memory-conditional random field (bi-LSTM-CRF) model. ADR: adverse drug reaction, BBC-Radical: BERT-Bi-LSTM-CRF-Radical.
