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. 2021 Dec 20;19:431. doi: 10.1186/s12951-021-01178-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — PEI-SWNTs elicit a very distinct transcriptional response compared to that of water or SWNTs. A Experimental setup: Arabidopsis leaves were infiltrated with ssRNA-adsorbed pristine SWNTs or plasmid-loaded PEI-SWNTs. Non infiltrated and water-infiltrated leaves were used as controls. Samples were collected 48 h post infiltration. B Principal Component Analysis of the transcriptomic profile in response to the different treatments. Each dot represents one biological replicate. C Upset plot showing the number of up- or down-regulated genes common or specific to each treatment. Genes with a statistically significant (FDR < 0.05) two-fold change in expression relative to non-infiltrated samples were selected. D Functional characterization of genes differentially expressed in the three treatments (375 up, 175 down), specifically in SWNTs and PEI-SWNT samples (320 up, 107 down), and uniquely in PEI-SWNT samples (647 up, 655 down). For a full list of GO terms, see Additional file 2: Table S2