Table 1:

Selected characteristics of phase I designs

Design characteristics	Rule-based	Model-assisted	Model-based
Examples	3+3 Up/down	mTPI, mTPI-2 Keyboard BOIN	CRM EWOC BLRM
Pre-determined dose escalation rules set up before study	Yes	Yes	No
Computationally intensive, repeated estimation of dose-toxicity curve	No	No	Yes
Targets any pre-specified DLT rate	No	Yes	Yes
Number of patients treated at MTD can be >6	No	Yes	Yes
Rapid dose escalation	No	Yes	Yes
Good operating characteristics relative to sample size	No	Yes	Yes
Allocates a high percentage of patients to the MTD	No	Yes	Yes
Provides overdose control	Yes	Yes	Yes
Won’t escalate the dose when the latest treated patient experiences toxicity; and will never deescalate the dose when the latest treated patient does not experience toxicity	No	Yes	Yes

DLT=dose-limiting toxicity; MTD=maximum tolerated dose; CRM=continual reassessment method; EWOC= escalation with overdose control; BOIN=Bayesian optimal interval; mTPI=modified toxicity probability interval; BLRM=Bayesian logistic regression model