Table 2.
Baseline participant characteristics.
| All n = 184 |
Control n = 91 |
Exercise n = 93 |
Between- groupa |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean / n (%) | SD | Mean / n (%) | SD | Mean / n (%) | SD | p-value | ||
| Age, years | 66.7 | 8.2 | 66.3 | 7.6 | 67.1 | 8.9 | 0.489 | |
| Male, n (%) | 113 (61) | 60 (66) | 53 (57) | 0.271 | ||||
| Race, n (%) | 0.628 | |||||||
| African American | 123 (67) | 63 (69) | 60 (65) | |||||
| White | 56 (30) | 24 (26) | 32 (34) | |||||
| Asian | 2 (> 1) | 1 (> 1) | 1 (1) | |||||
| Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 2 (> 1) | 2 (> 2) | 0 (0) | |||||
| Heart rate, bpm | 65.7 | 10.8 | 65.7 | 10.5 | 65.7 | 11.0 | 0.969 | |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 141.1 | 17.3 | 141.6 | 17.3 | 140.5 | 17.4 | 0.671 | |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 78.0 | 9.8 | 78.2 | 8.4 | 77.8 | 11.1 | 0.788 | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 30.8 | 6.5 | 30.9 | 6.9 | 30.7 | 6.2 | 0.864 | |
| Ankle–brachial index | 0.70 | 0.18 | 0.70 | 0.18 | 0.69 | 0.19 | 0.617 | |
| Total treadmill time, minutes | 7.67 | 4.62 | 8.03 | 4.12 | 7.31 | 5.07 | 0.297 | |
| 6-minute walk test, meters | 342.9 | 99.4 | 345.2 | 95.9 | 340.8 | 103.2 | 0.765 | |
| Brachial artery measures | ||||||||
| FMD, % | 5.9 | 3.6 | 6.1 | 3.3 | 5.6 | 3.8 | 0.386 | |
| Diameter, mm | 4.4 | 0.7 | 4.4 | 0.7 | 4.4 | 0.8 | 0.553 | |
| Resting blood flow, mL/min | 148.4 | 70.8 | 145.8 | 70.6 | 150.9 | 71.3 | 0.627 | |
| IMT, mm | 0.34 | 0.06 | 0.34 | 0.06 | 0.34 | 0.07 | 0.934 | |
| GSM, units | 78.1 | 16.3 | 78.0 | 15.3 | 78.2 | 17.3 | 0.959 | |
| Entropy, units | 4.32 | 0.24 | 4.31 | 0.24 | 4.33 | 0.24 | 0.773 | |
| GLDS-CON, units | 179.1 | 90.6 | 185.6 | 94.6 | 172.8 | 86.5 | 0.339 | |
a
The p-value from t-test or chi-squared test.
FMD, flow-mediated vasodilation; GLDS-CON, gray-level difference statistic-contrast; GSM, grayscale median; IMT, intima–media thickness.