Table 3.
Personalised medical treatments
| Classification of medicine | Disease | Variant/subtype* | Recommended Medical treatment | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| stratified medicine | cancer | diverse cancer (colorectal, breast, oesophageal, stomach cancer) | D949V | 5‐FU should be avoided |
| colorectal cancer | rs2233921 | 5‐FU chemotherapy | ||
| DLBCL | GCB‐DLBCL | R‐CHOP treatment | ||
| ABC‐DLBCL | Ibrutinib treatment | |||
| thyroid nodule | expression of miR‐222, miR‐328, miR‐197, miR‐21 | physical dissection | ||
| breast cancer |
high expression of HER2 receptor (HERamp subtype) |
trastuzumab treatment, pertuzumab treatment | ||
| high expression of ER, PR (HR + subtype) | tamoxifen treatment | |||
| low expression of HER2, ER, PR (TNBC subtype) | cytotoxic chemotherapy | |||
| cardiovascular disease | general disease | CYP2C9 mutation | warfarin treatment quantity should be different | |
| LQTS | KCNQ1 mutation (LQTS1) | propranolol treatment, nadolol treatment | ||
| KCNH2 mutation (LQTS2) | amiloride treatment | |||
| SCN5A mutation (LQTS3) | sodium channel blocker treatment | |||
| AIDS | presence of HLA‐DR7, HLA‐DQ3 | abcavir should be avoided | ||
| customised immunotherapy medicine | glioma | individual‐specific | DC‐based immunotherapy, Cancer vaccine | |
| leukaemia | DC‐based immunotherapy | |||
| AIDS | CD4 + T lymphocyte‐based immunotherapy, DC‐based immunotherapy |
Though a group of patients are diagnosed to have the same disease, their effective medical treatments can be different, depending on bioinformation each patient has. Stratified medicine is, after grouping patients into several subgroups, to adapt different medicines to each subgroup. Customised immunotherapy is to treat individuals using each person's distinctive bioinformation. Here are acronyms of terms in Table 4: DPYD: Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor, DLBCL: Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, GCB‐DLBCL: Germinal centre B‐cell such as DLBCL, ABC‐DLBCL: Activated B‐cell such as DLBCL, 5‐FU: 5‐fluorouracil, R‐CHOP: The initials of the five drugs(rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin (hydroxydaunomycin), vincrinstine (Oncovin®), prednisolone), HER2: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, ER: Estrogen receptor, PR: Progesterone receptor, CYP2C9 : Cytochrome P450 2C9, VKORC : Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex, LQTS: Long QT syndrome, KCNQ1 : Potassium channel, voltage gated KQT‐like subfamily Q, member 1, KCNH2 : Potassium channel, voltage gated eag related subfamily H, member 2, SCN5A : Sodium channel, voltage‐gated, type V alpha subunit, HLA‐B: Human leukocyte antigen Major histocompatibility complex, class I, B, HLA‐DR: Human leukocyte antigen – antigen D Related, HLA‐DQ: Human Lymphocyte Antigen‐DQ, DC: Dendritic cell, AIDS: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome.