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. 2021 Dec 6;8:732042. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.732042

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Copyright © 2021 Hu, Wang, Wan, Ma, Zhao and Li.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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An inhibitory effect of TSF against the activation of the TGF-β/smad pathway in vitro. (A) The expression of fibrosis index protein in cardiac fibroblast (CF) cells stimulated by TGF-β in different concentrations at different times. (B) Quantitative analyses of protein expressions. (C) Quantificational real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) of messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions of fibrosis index of CFs induced by TGF-β1. (D) Effects of different concentrations of TSF on the survival rate of cells. (E) qRT-PCR of mRNA expressions of collagens I and III and α-SMA in CFs induced by TGF-β1 in the different groups. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001.