Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of 4813 Participants According to Periodontal Status
| Characteristic | Total | No Periodontitis | Periodontitis | P valuea | P valueb | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | Mild | Moderate/Severe | |||||
| No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | |||
| Total | 4813 | 3460 (71.9) | 1353 (28.1) | 463 (9.6) | 890 (18.5) | ||
| Sex | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| Male | 2342 (48.7) | 1499 (43.3) | 843 (62.3) | 242 (52.3) | 601 (67.5) | ||
| Female | 2471 (51.3) | 1961 (56.7) | 510 (37.7) | 221 (47.7) | 289 (32.5) | ||
| Age, years | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| Mean, SD | 52.1, 14.3 | 51.8, 14.6 | 53.1, 13.2 | 50.4, 13.6 | 54.4, 12.8 | 0.006 | <0.001 |
| 30–39 | 1116 (23.2) | 867 (25.1) | 249 (18.4) | 121 (26.1) | 128 (14.4) | ||
| 40–49 | 1143 (23.7) | 829 (24.0) | 314 (23.2) | 119 (25.7) | 195 (21.9) | ||
| 50–59 | 989 (20.5) | 655 (18.9) | 334 (24.7) | 101 (21.8) | 233 (26.2) | ||
| 60–69 | 876 (18.2) | 581 (16.8) | 295 (21.8) | 75 (16.2) | 220 (24.7) | ||
| ≥70 | 689 (14.3) | 528 (15.3) | 161 (11.9) | 47 (10.2) | 114 (12.8) | ||
| Race | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 2112 (43.9) | 1696 (49.0) | 416 (30.7) | 158 (34.1) | 258 (29.0) | ||
| Non-Hispanic black | 935 (19.4) | 571 (16.5) | 364 (26.9) | 119 (25.7) | 245 (27.5) | ||
| Mexican American | 685 (14.2) | 390 (11.3) | 295 (21.8) | 102 (22.0) | 193 (21.7) | ||
| Other Hispanic | 505 (10.5) | 370 (10.7) | 135 (10.0) | 45 (9.7) | 90 (10.1) | ||
| Other | 576 (12.0) | 433 (12.5) | 143 (10.6) | 39 (8.4) | 104 (11.7) | ||
| Education | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| Less than high school | 1136 (23.6) | 671 (19.4) | 465 (34.4) | 145 (31.3) | 320 (36.0) | ||
| High school or equivalent | 1022 (21.2) | 683 (19.7) | 339 (25.1) | 114 (24.6) | 225 (25.3) | ||
| College or above | 2649 (55.0) | 2102 (60.8) | 547 (40.4) | 204 (44.1) | 343 (38.5) | ||
| Other | 6 (0.1) | 4 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.2) | ||
| Marital status | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| Married | 2839 (59.0) | 2129 (61.5) | 710 (52.5) | 243 (52.5) | 467 (52.5) | ||
| Unmarried/Other | 1974 (41.0) | 1331 (38.5) | 643 (47.5) | 220 (47.5) | 423 (47.5) | ||
| BMI | 0.017 | 0.003 | |||||
| Mean, SD | 29.2, 6.7 | 29.1, 6.7 | 29.6, 6.7 | 30.2, 6.6 | 29.3, 6.8 | 0.018 | 0.131 |
| <25 kg/m2 | 1328 (27.6) | 988 (28.6) | 340 (25.1) | 97 (21.0) | 243 (27.3) | ||
| ≥25 kg/m2 | 3485 (72.4) | 2472 (71.4) | 1013 (74.9) | 366 (79.0) | 647 (72.7) | ||
| Hypertension | 0.001 | 0.001 | |||||
| Yes | 1816 (37.7) | 1255 (36.3) | 561 (41.5) | 176 (38.0) | 385 (43.3) | ||
| No/Unknown | 2997 (62.3) | 2205 (63.7) | 792 (58.5) | 287 (62.0) | 505 (56.7) | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 0.003 | 0.003 | |||||
| Yes | 572 (11.9) | 377 (10.9) | 195 (14.4) | 58 (12.5) | 137 (15.4) | ||
| Prediabetes | 133 (2.8) | 94 (2.7) | 39 (2.9) | 10 (2.2) | 29 (3.3) | ||
| No/Unknown | 4108 (85.4) | 2989 (86.4) | 1119 (82.7) | 395 (85.3) | 724 (81.3) | ||
| Smoking status | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| Never | 2749 (57.1) | 2114 (61.1) | 635 (46.9) | 270 (58.3) | 365 (41.0) | ||
| Former | 1196 (24.8) | 850 (24.6) | 346 (25.6) | 94 (20.3) | 252 (28.3) | ||
| Current | 868 (18.0) | 496 (14.3) | 372 (27.5) | 99 (21.4) | 273 (30.7) | ||
| Physical activity status | |||||||
| Vigorous | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| Yes | 930 (19.3) | 752 (21.7) | 179 (13.2) | 71 (15.3) | 108 (12.1) | ||
| No | 3883 (80.7) | 2709 (78.3) | 1174 (86.8) | 392 (84.7) | 782 (87.9) | ||
| Moderate | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| Yes | 2010 (41.8) | 1542 (44.6) | 468 (34.6) | 170 (36.7) | 298 (33.5) | ||
| No | 2803 (58.2) | 1918 (55.4) | 885 (65.4) | 293 (63.3) | 592 (66.5) | ||
| Missing teeth | 5.06, 6.24 | 4.72, 6.29 | 5.94, 6.03 | 4.63, 5.74 | 6.63, 6.06 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Teeth | 24.94, 6.24 | 25.28, 6.29 | 24.06, 6.03 | 25.37, 5.74 | 23.37, 6.06 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| PD≥4mm teeth | 1.19, 3.20 | 0.01, 0.08 | 4.22, 4.87 | 1.73, 1.90 | 5.51, 5.42 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| PD≥5mm teeth | 0.87, 2.58 | 0.00, 0.00 | 3.09, 4.11 | 0.43, 0.77 | 4.47, 4.45 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| AL≥3mm teeth | 5.66, 6.40 | 3.27, 4.36 | 11.78, 6.72 | 7.73, 5.60 | 13.89, 6.27 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| AL≥4mm teeth | 2.64, 4.53 | 1.13, 2.55 | 6.50, 5.97 | 2.52, 3.54 | 8.57, 5.93 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose | 102.7, 30.8 | 100.9, 28.1 | 107.2, 36.3 | 103.3, 31.9 | 109.2, 38.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol | 195.7, 39.7 | 195.4, 39.5 | 196.6, 40.3 | 197.8, 38.8 | 196.0, 41.1 | 0.359 | 0.536 |
| Triglycerides | 120.2, 66.3 | 117.9, 64.7 | 126.0, 69.8 | 121.7, 65.8 | 128.21, 71.7 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| HDL-C | 54.3, 15.8 | 55.0, 15.6 | 52.4, 16.3 | 52. 9, 15.9 | 52.1, 16.5 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| LDL-C | 117.4, 35.0 | 116.8, 34.8 | 119.0, 35.5 | 120.5, 34.4 | 118.3, 36.1 | 0.047 | 0.128 |
| TyG | 8.56, 0.61 | 8.53, 0.60 | 8.64, 0.62 | 8.58, 0.60 | 8.67, 0.63 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Notes: Continuous variables were presented as mean and standard deviation and categorical variables were expressed as n (%). For categorical variables, P values were analyzed by chi-square tests. For continuous variables, the t-test was used in generalized linear models.Prevalence was reported using the CDC/AAP recommended case definition for periodontitis surveillance. aChi-square detected the difference between no periodontitis group and periodontitis group. bChi-square detected the difference between no periodontitis group, mild periodontitis group and moderate/severe periodontitis group.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; TyG, triglyceride-glucose; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.