Table 1. Characteristics of study cohort.
| Total cohort | Patients who died | Patients discharged from hospital alive | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 68 (55–78) | 71 (60–80) | 67 (53–77) | <0.0001 |
| Gender (m, male; f, female) | m 2270 (56%) | m 511 (56%) | m 1757 (56%) | 0.9151 |
| f 1797 (44%) | f 402 (44%) | f 1395 (44%) | ||
| SAPS II score, points | 42 (28–54) | 44 (29–57) | 41 (28–53) | 0.0383 |
| SAPS II estimated mortality rate, % | 29 (9–55) | 32 (10–62) | 27 (9–53) | 0.0377 |
| Invasive ventilation | 1894 (47%) | 480 (53%) | 1416 (45%) | <0.0001 |
| Dialysis | 531 (13%) | 143 (16%) | 388 (12%) | 0.0079 |
| Primary diagnosis, | <0.0001 | |||
| • Infectious | 290 (7%) | 103 (11%) | 187 (6%) | |
| • Cardiac | 1482 (36%) | 298 (33%) | 1184 (38%) | |
| • Respiratory | 726 (18%) | 140 (15%) | 586 (19%) | |
| • Malignant | 421 (10%) | 168 (18%) | 253 (8%) | |
| • Other / uncertain | 1148 (28%) | 204 (22%) | 944 (30%) | |
| Duration to death or discharge, days | 8 (2–18) | 9 (4–17) | ||
| Base excess at admission, mmol/L | 0.2 (-4.2–3.9) | -3.4 (-9.2–2.3) | 0.8 (-2.9–4.3) | <0.0001 |
| Base excess at 24h, mmol/L | 1.1 (-2.2–5.0) | -0.3 (-4.0–3.4) | 1.8 (-1.4–5.5) | <0.0001 |
| Base excess minimum in 24h, mmol/L | -1.0 (-5.8–2.8) | -5.7 (-12.1–0.4) | -0.3 (-4.2–3.1) | <0.0001 |
| Base excess minimum in 24-48h, mmol/L | 3.2 (0.1–7.2) | 1.85 (-1.5–5.8) | 3.7 (0.6–7.5) | <0.0001 |
| Base excess slope, mmol/L | -0.3 (-2.0–0) | -0.9 (-3.2–0) | -0.1 (-1.8–0) | <0.0001 |
| Lactate at admission, mmol/L | 1.4 (0.9–2.4) | 2.3 (1.2–5.8) | 1.2 (0.8–2.0) | <0.0001 |
| Lactate at 24h, mmol/L | 1.1 (0.8–1.7) | 1.5 (0.9–2.5) | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | <0.0001 |
| Lactate maximum in 24h, mmol/L | 1.7 (1.1–2.9) | 3.0 (1.6–9.0) | 1.5 (1.0–2.3) | <0.0001 |
| Lactate maximum in 24-48h, mmol/L | 1.4 (0.9–2.1) | 2.0 (1.3–3.6) | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | <0.0001 |
| Lactate slope, mmol/L | -0.3 (-1.0–0) | -0.5 (-1.6–0) | -0.3 (-0.9–0) | <0.0001 |
| pH at admission | 7.39 (7.33–7.44) | 7.35 (7.23–7.43) | 7.40 (7.35–7.44) | <0.0001 |
| pH at 24h | 7.42 (7.37–7.47) | 7.40 (7.33–7.45) | 7.43 (7.39–7.47) | <0.0001 |
| pH minimum in 24h | 7.37 (7.28–7.41) | 7.28 (7.13–7.37) | 7.38 (7.32–7.42) | <0.0001 |
| pH minimum in 24-48h | 7.45 (7.41–7.49) | 7.43 (7.39–7.49) | 7.46 (7.42–7.5) | <0.0001 |
| pH slope | 0 (-0.05–0) | -0.03 (-0.09–0) | 0 (-0.04–0) | <0.0001 |
Values are n (%) for categorical variables and median (interquartile range) for continuous variables. Differences of groups of patients who died, and patients discharged from hospital alive were tested and p values are reported from χ2 test for nominal variables and Mann Whitney U test for continuous variables.
Definition of primary diagnosis groups: Infectious = ICD R57.2 + A + B; Cardiac = ICD R57.0 + I; Respiratory = ICD J; Malignant = ICD C + D; Other / uncertain
ICD-10:
A + B = Certain infectious and parasitic diseases
C + D = Neoplasms and Diseases of the blood and hematopoietic organs and certain disorders involving the immune system
E = Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases
F = Mental and behavioral disorders
G = Diseases of the nervous system
I = diseases of circulatory system
J = Diseases of the respiratory system
K = Diseases of the digestive system
R57.0 = Cardiogenic shock; R57.1 = Hypovolemic shock; R57.2 = Septic shock.
Note: Pneumonia and ARDS classified in category J (disease of respiratory system)