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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Int. 2021 Oct 6;158:106898. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106898

Table 3:

Sex-stratified results for the associations between total, freeway, and non-freeway NRAP exposure during pregnancy and risk of ASD in children1

Male Female
HR (95% CI) P-value HR (95% CI) P-value
Total NRAP2, (sex interaction p=0.01)
Unadjusted for PM2.5 1.04 (1.01, 1.07) 0.01 0.98 (0.91, 1.04) 0.46
Adjusted for PM2.5 1.04 (1.00, 1.06) 0.02 0.98 (0.92, 1.05) 0.55
Freeway NRAP2, (sex interaction p=0.08)
Unadjusted for PM2.5 1.02 (0.99, 1.05) 0.23 0.96 (0.89, 1.04) 0.37
Adjusted for PM2.5 1.02 (0.98, 1.05) 0.29 0.96 (0.89, 1.05) 0.42
Non-freeway NRAP3, (sex interaction p=0.37)
Unadjusted for PM2.5 1.18 (1.09, 1.28) <0.001 1.22 (1.03, 1.44) 0.02
Adjusted for PM2.5 1.18 (1.09, 1.27) <0.001 1.23 (1.04, 1.46) 0.01
1

Adjusted for birth year, medical center, maternal age, maternal ethnicity, maternal education, parity, history of comorbidity, income at age one, season of conception, pre-pregnancy diabetes mellitus, pre-pregnancy obesity, smoking in pregnancy, and child’s sex

2

Near-roadway air pollution (NRAP) scaled per 5 ppb CALINE NOx

3

Reference category is Quintiles 1–4