Table 3.
Unadjusted comparison of metabolic and laboratory characteristics in participants with early- vs. later- onset diabetes (N=605)
| Early-onset DM (n=120) |
Later- onset DM (n=485) |
P-value for baseline comparison | P-value for the DM exam comparison | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year 0 | DM first detection | Year 0 | DM first detection | |||
|
| ||||||
| Weight | 196.80(48.85) | 234.66(57.88) | 175.93(39.01) | 229.30(54.29) | <0.0001* | 0.3887 |
| Waist circumference (cm) (mean ±SD) | 90.88(16.31) | 103.23(16.89) | 85.00(12.59) | 102.18(14.89) | 0.0004* | 0.5269 |
| BMI (mean ±SD) | 30.38(6.91) | 35.94(8.40) | 27.51(5.73) | 35.75(8.02) | <0.0001* | 0.8186 |
|
| ||||||
| Obesity | <0.0001* | 0.2174 | ||||
| Underweight, n (%) | 2(1.68) | 0 | 6(1.24) | 1(0.21) | ||
| Normal, n (%) | 24(20.17) | 12(10.00) | 179(36.98) | 28(5.79) | ||
| Overweight, n (%) | 33(27.73) | 15(12.50) | 167(34.50) | 86(17.77) | ||
| Obese, n (%) | 60(50.42) | 91(77.50) | 132(27.27) | 369(76.24) | ||
| Obese ≥class II, n (%) | 21(17.65) | 65(54.17) | 54(11.16) | 242(50.00) | 0.0546 | 0.4138 |
|
| ||||||
| Mean year (SD) of BMI≥25 | N/A | 10.08(5.19) | N/A | 21.29(6.96) | N/A | <0.0001* |
|
| ||||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 4.93(0.71) | 9.01(3.11) | 4.70(0.48) | 7.94(2.86) | 0.0013* | 0.0006* |
|
| ||||||
| Median (IQR) of fasting Insulin, pmol/L | 62.84(38.57) | 105.74(106.92) | 52.16(26.06) | 102.50(93.72) | <0.0001* | 0.4955 |
|
| ||||||
| Classification of pDM | 0.0221* | 0.2272 | ||||
| 5.6–6.1 mmol/L n (%) | 8(50.00) | 14(87.50) | 41(40.59) | |||
| 6.1–6.9 mmol/L n (%) | 8(50.00) | 2(12.50) | 60(59.41) | |||
|
| ||||||
| Mean (SD) of 2h plasma glucose (mmol/L) | N/A | 10.89(5.77) | N/A | 11.92(4.89) | N/A | 0.2621 |
| Median (IQR) of 2h Insulin, pmol/L | N/A | 465.23(525.94) | N/A | 366.00(444.00)⁂ | N/A | 0.2198 |
|
| ||||||
| Mean (SD) of SBP (mmHg) | 116.21(11.86) | 118.93(14.10) | 113.50(11.88) | 123.98(17.60) | 0.0253* | 0.0010* |
| Mean (SD) of DBP (mmHg) | 72.86(10.93) | 78.03(12.38) | 70.77(9.30) | 78.44(11.26) | 0.0557 | 0.7248 |
|
| ||||||
| Mean (SD) of Total Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.73(0.89) | 4.95(1.11) | 4.72(0.93) | 4.86(1.10) | 0.8722 | 0.4121 |
| Mean (SD) of HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.17(0.29) | 1.07(0.32) | 1.28(0.34) | 1.24(0.38) | 0.0014* | <0.0001* |
| Mean (SD) of HDL-C (mmol/L) (male) | 1.13(0.32) | 0.98(0.26) | 1.19(0.30) | 1.15(0.32) | 0.1338 | 0.0001* |
| Mean (SD) of HDL-C (mmol/L) (female) | 1.21(0.27) | 1.16(0.35) | 1.36(0.35) | 1.34(0.40) | 0.0005* | 0.0040* |
| Mean (SD) of LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.03(0.83) | 2.99(0.95) | 2.99(0.86) | 2.84(0.95) | 0.6959 | 0.1277 |
| Median (IQR) of Triglyceride (TG) (mmol/L) | 0.87(0.67) | 1.34(1.35) | 0.76(0.58) | 1.34(0.95) | 0.0218* | 0.4480 |
| n (%) of LDL-C≥2.6 mmol/L | ||||||
| Male | 37 (66.07) | 29(55.77) | 154(65.81) | 130(57.78) | 0.9707 | 0.7918 |
| Female | 45 (76.27) | 41(70.69) | 160(64.26) | 139(59.15) | 0.0786 | 0.1059 |
| n (%) of HDL-C | ||||||
| Male (<1.04 mmol/L) | 22(37.93) | 39(65.00) | 71(30.08) | 91(38.56) | 0.2496 | 0.0002* |
| Female (<1.3 mmol/L) | 39(66.10) | 44(74.58) | 117(46.99) | 126(51.22) | 0.0083* | 0.0012* |
| n (%) of Triglyceride ≥1.69 mmol/L | ||||||
| Male | 17 (29.31) | 31(51.67) | 32(13.56) | 101(42.80) | 0.0039* | 0.2171 |
| Female | 1(1.69) | 15(25.42) | 13(5.22) | 84(34.15) | 0.2424 | 0.1988 |
| Dyslipidemia yes | 102 (85.00) | 109 (90.83) | 371(76.49) | 438(90.31) | 0.0434* | 0.8614 |
| Dyslipidemia yes- male | 47(77.05) | 54(88.52) | 175(74.15) | 214(90.68) | 0.6425 | 0.6135 |
| Dyslipidemia yes- female | 55(93.22) | 55(93.22) | 196(78.71) | 224(89.96) | 0.0099* | 0.4407 |
| TG/HDL-C ratio, median (IQR) | ||||||
| Male | 1.99(4.05) | 4.36(5.18) | 1.62(1.80) | 3.03(3.43) | 0.0669 | 0.0015* |
| Female | 1.60(1.00) | 2.38(1.93) | 1.30(1.17) | 2.39(2.43) | 0.0127* | 0.9731 |
| LDL/HDL-C ratio, mean (SD) | ||||||
| Male | 2.74(1.17) | 2.96(1.17) | 2.73(1.13) | 2.53(0.99) | 0.9384 | 0.0068* |
| Female | 2.73(0.98) | 2.79(1.13) | 2.32(0.95) | 2.31(1.02) | 0.0034* | 0.0022* |
|
| ||||||
| Microalbuminuria (Yes. %) | N/A | 1(1.35) | N/A | 12(2.55) | N/A | 1.000 |
| A/C ratio, mean (SD) | N/A | 17.22(31.06) | N/A | 29.75(99.77) | N/A | 0.5104 |
※
The clinical measurements were converted to SI unit as following: glucose mg/DL x 0.056=mmol/L, cholesterol mg/DL x 0.026=mmol/L, Triglyceride mg/DL x 0.011=mmol/L and insulin μ U/ML x 6=pmol/L
*
P-value<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
⁑
pDM indicates prediabetes.
⁂
2h insulin in the later-onset group was the value at year 10 since the CARDIA only collected 2h insulin at year 10.
†
Trig, trig-HDL ratio, insulin and insulin-2h were reported using median with IQR since data were non-normally distributed.
‡
The percentage calculation was using all non-missing value.