Table 1.
Epidemiologic studies of the prevalence of physical function, frailty, and sarcopenia in CKD and ESRD.
| Author, Publication Year | Study Population Mean age, % sex, mean eGFR (Stage of CKD) |
Country | Physical Function Outcome | Prevalence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CKD | ||||
| Pereira RA, et al.27 2015 | 287 CKD patients (Stage 3–5) Age 59.9 ± 10.5 Male 62% eGFR 25.0 ± 15.8 |
Brazil | Sarcopenia defined by ① Handgrip strength + Mid-arm muscle circumference ② Handgrip strength + Subjective global assessment ③ Handgrip strength + Skeletal Muscle Index |
Sarcopenia ① 9.8% ② 9.4% ③ 5.9% |
| Zhou Y, et al.28 2018 | 148 CKD patients (Stage 3–5) Age 66 Male 66.2% eGFR 22.5 ± 8.2 |
Sweden | Sarcopenia defined by EWGSOP criteria | Sarcopenia 14% |
| Souza VA, et al.29 2017 | 100 CKD patients (Stage 2–5) Age 73.59 ± 9.22 Male 41% eGFR 35.96 ± 16.01 |
Brazil | Sarcopenia defined by EWGSOP and FNIH criteria | Sarcopenia (EWGOP) 11.9% (FNIH) 28.7% |
| D’Alessandro C, et al.30 2018 | 80 CKD patients (Stage 3b-4) Age 73.7 ± 7.2 Male 100% eGFR 28.3 ± 9.8 |
Italy | Sarcopenia defined by EWGSOP criteria | Sarcopenia (60–74 years old) 12.5% (≥ 75 years old) 55.0% |
| Ishikawa S, et al.31 2018 | 260 CKD patients (Stage 3–5) Age 76.0 (69.0–80.0) Male 65% eGFR 31.5 ± 12.9 |
Japan | Sarcopenia defined by AWGS criteria | Sarcopenia 25.0% |
| Hanatani S, et al.40 2018 | 265 in-hospital heart failure patients with CKD Age 72.3 ± 9.8 Male 69% eGFR 43.1 ± 17.2 |
Japan | Sarcopenia score (Handgrip strength + calf circumference) | High sarcopenia score 62.6% |
| Vettoretti S, et al.32 2019 | 113 CKD patients (Stage 3b-5) Age 80 ± 6 Male 68% eGFR 27 ± 6 |
Italy | Sarcopenia defined by EWGSPO2 criteria | Sarcopenia 24% |
| Walker SR, et al.41 2015 | 217 CKD patients (Stage 4–5) Age 70.3 (60.0 – 79.1) Male 60% eGFR 19 (14 – 27) |
Canada | Frailty (Short physical performance battery < 10) | Frailty 56% |
| Mansur HN, et al.34 2015 | 61 CKD patients (Stage 3–5) Age 60 ± 11.5 Male 59.0% eGFR 23.0 (16.0 – 39.0) |
Brazil | Frailty defined by Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) criteria | Frailty 42.6% |
| Lee SJ, et al.35 2015 | 168 CKD patients (Stage 2–4) (Frailty population) Age 69.5±13.9 Male 55.6% eGFR 38.7 ± 14.1 (non-Frailty population) Age 63.7±13.5 Male 67.6% eGFR 42.6 ± 16.8 |
Korea | Frailty defined by modified CHS criteria | Frailty 37.5% |
| Reese PP, et al.36 2013 | 1111 CKD patients with eGFR 20–70 Age 65 (57–71) Male 53% |
USA | Frailty defined by modified CHS criteria | Frailty 7% Pre-Frailty 43% |
| Lee S, et al.38 2017 | 9606 community-dwelling older adults (eGFR≥60: n= 6878 eGFR45–59: n= 2305 eGFR30–44: n= 356 eGFR<30: n= 67) Age 73.6 ± 5.5 Male 47.6% |
Japan | Frailty defined by CHS criteria | Frailty eGFR ≥ 60: 8.0% eGFR 45–59: 10.8% eGFR 30–44:18.0% eGFR < 30: 32.8% |
| Wilhelm-Leen ER, et al.39 2009 | 10256 community-dwelling people (CKD stage 1–2: 9.66% Stage 3a: 1.80% Stage 3b-5: 1.10%) Age 49.59 Male 47.07% |
USA | Frailty defined by modified CHS | Frailty Without CKD: 1.47% CKD stage G1–2: 5.94% CKD stage G3a :10.74% CKD stage G3b-5: 20.9% |
| Roshanravan B, et al.37 2012 | 336 CKD patients (Stage 1–4) Age 58.7 ± 13.0 Male 81% eGFRcys 50.9±27.1 |
USA | Frailty defined by modified CHS | Frailty eGFRcys ≥ 60: 8.1% 45–59: 8.1% 30–44: 21.6% < 30: 18.7% |
| ESRD | ||||
| Isoyama N, et al.10 2014 | 330 incident dialysis patients Age 53 ±13 Male 61.5% |
Sweden | Sarcopenia defined by EWGSOP criteria | Sarcopenia 20% |
| Kim JK, et al.11 2014 | 95 hemodialysis patients Age 63.9 ± 10.0 Male 57.2% |
Korea | Sarcopenia defined by EWGSOP criteria | Sarcopenia 33.7% |
| Ren H, et al.12 2016 | 131 hemodialysis patients Age 49.4±11.7 Male 61.1% |
China | Sarcopenia defined by EWGSOP criteria | Sarcopenia 13.7% |
| Bataille S, et al.14 2017 | 111 hemodialysis patients Age 77.5 (70.8 – 84.8) Male 58.6% |
France | Sarcopenia defined by EWGSOP criteria | Sarcopenia 31.5% Low muscle strength 88.3% Low muscle mass 33.3% |
| Kittiskulnam P, et al.42 2017 | 645 hemodialysis patients Age 56.7 ± 14.5 Male 58.6% |
USA | Sarcopenia defined by modified EWGSOP criteria Muscle mass definition ① muscle mass / height squared ② muscle mass / body weight ③ muscle mass / body surface area ④ muscle mass / body mass index Handgrip strength Gait speed |
Low muscle mass (depends on low muscle by any indexing) Male: 12.2–37.3% Female: 2.3–25.5% Low muscle strength Male: 30.6% Female: 28.8% Slow gait speed Male: 24.7% Female: 48.3% Sarcopenia defined by ① 3.9% ② 11.4% ③ 15.9% ④ 14.0% |
| Mori K, et al.13 2019 | 308 hemodialysis patients (With Sarcopenia population) Age 63.5±11.0 Male 55.6% (Without Sarcopenia) Age 54.4±11.0 Male 63.0% |
Japan | Sarcopenia defined by AWGS | Sarcopenia 40% |
| Souweine JS, et al.43 2021 | 187 hemodialysis patients Age 65.3 (49.7–82.0) Male 65% |
France | Sarcopenia defined by below criteria; low muscle strength (Quadriceps maximal voluntary force < median) + Low muscle mass (Creatinine index < median) Dynapenia Low muscle strength + Normal muscle mass |
Sarcopenia 33.7% Dynapenia 16.0% |
| Marini ACB, et al.44 2020 | 95 hemodialysis patients (With sarcopenia risk population) Age 64.9 ± 13.9 Male 42.9% (Without sarcopenia risk population) Age 56.9 ± 14.6 Male 67.6% |
Brazil | Sarcopenia risk (SARC-F ≥ 4) |
Sarcopenia risk 22% |
| Lin YL, et al.15 2020 | 126 hemodialysis patients Age 63.2±13.0 Male 51.6% |
Taiwan | Sarcopenia defined by Taiwan criteria and EWGSOP criteria | Sarcopenia (Taiwan criteria) 8.7% (EWGSOP) 13.5% |
| Slee A, et al.45 2020 | 87 hemodialysis patients Age 65.9 ± 13.0 Male 72.4% |
USA | Muscle mass defined by below; · Total skeletal muscle mass index (TSMI) · Appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI) · Mid-upper arm muscle circumference (MAMC) |
Low TSMI 55% Low ASMI 32% Low MAMC 22% |
| Kamijo Y, et al.17 2018 | 119 peritoneal dialysis patients Age 66.8±13.2 Male 70.6% |
Japan | Sarcopenia defined by AWGS criteria Frailty defined by Clinical Frailty Scale |
Sarcopenia 8.4% Frailty 10.9% |
| Abro A, et al.16 2018 | 155 peritoneal dialysis patients Age 63.0 ± 14.9 Male 61.3% |
UK | Sarcopenia defined by FNIH and EWGSOP criteria | Sarcopenia (FNIH) 15.5% (EWGSOP) 11.0% |