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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Brain Res Bull. 2021 Oct 30;178:9–16. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.10.020

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.

Surgery impaired learning and memory. A: Performance during the training sessions of Barnes maze test. B: Performance during the memory phase of Barnes maze test. C: Performance in fear conditioning test. D: Performance in novel object recognition test. Results are mean ± S.E.M. (n = 19 to 22, panel A) or in box plot format (n = 19 to 22, panels B to D). ● : lowest or highest score (the score will not show up if it falls in the 95th percentile); between lines: 95th percentile of the data; inside boxes: 25th to 75th percentile including the median of the data. * P < 0.05 compared with the corresponding values on day 1. ^ P < 0.05 compared with corresponding control. # P < 0.05 compared with surgery alone.