Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of 51 patients with status epilepticus.
| Item | Mean ± SD or number (%) |
|---|---|
| Demographic factors | |
| Age | 62.5 ± 19.1 |
| Sex (male) | 35 (68.6%) |
| Previous histories related to seizure | |
| Epilepsy | 20 (39.2%) |
| SE history | 5 (9.8%) |
| SE characteristics | |
| Etiology | |
| Acute symptomatic | 11 (21.6%) |
| Remote symptomatic | 21 (41.2%) |
| Progressive symptomatic | 10 (19.6%) |
| Idiopathic/cryptogenic | 5 (9.8%) |
| AED withdrawal | 4 (7.8%) |
| Dynamics of SE | |
| Tonic–clonic SE only | 27 (52.9%) |
| NCSE only | 4 (7.8%) |
| Tonic–clonic SE evolving into NCSE | 13 (25.5%) |
| Focal SE | 4 (7.8%) |
| Focal SE evolving into Tonic–clonic SE | 3 (5.9%) |
| Characteristic EEG type | |
| Ictal pattern | 20 (39.2%) |
| Ictal-interictal continuum | 8 (15.7%) |
| Interictal spike or regional slowing | 15 (29.4%) |
| Normal or intermittent generalized slowing | 8 (15.7%) |
| Refractoriness | |
| Non-RSE | 32 (62.7%) |
| RSE (not super-RSE) | 14 (27.5%) |
| Super-RSE | 5 (9.8%) |
| Time variable | |
| Time between FAT and ASL (hours) | 10.8 ± 7.7 |
| Time between benzodiazepine and ASL (hours) | 7.4 ± 5.8 |
| Time between ASL and EEG (hours) | 7.7 ± 16.0 |
| MRI detection | |
| ASL: hyper- or hypo-perfusion | 46 (90.2%) |
| Hyperperfusion | 42 (82.4%) |
| Thalamic, any change | 25 (49.0%) |
| Thalamic ipsilateral coincidence | 20 (39.2%) |
| DSC: hyper- or hypo-perfusion | 20 (39.2%) |
| FLAIR: signal change due to SE | 27 (52.9%) |
| DWI: diffusion restriction due to SE | 18 (35.3%) |
| Treatments | |
| Coma therapy | 5 (9.8%) |
| Treated on ICU | 36 (70.6%) |
| Tracheal intubation | 15 (29.4%) |
| Days on ICU | 9.7 ± 18.3 |
| Hospital days | 20.0 ± 19.6 |
| Prognosis | |
| mRS, premorbid (median [IQR]) | 2 [1–3] |
| mRS, at discharge (median [IQR]) | 2 [2–4] |
| STESS (median [IQR]) | 3 [2–5] |
| EMSE | 57.1 ± 34.3 |
| Poor outcome (mRS ≥ 4) | 19 (37.3%) |
SD standard deviation, SE status epilepticus, AED antiepileptic drug, NCSE nonconvulsive SE; EEG electroencephalography, RSE refractory status epilepticus, FAT first abnormal time, ASL arterial spin labeling, MRI magnetic resonance imaging, DSC dynamic susceptibility contrast, FLAIR fluid attenuated inversion recovery, DWI diffusion weighted imaging, ICU intensive care unit, mRS modified Rankin Scale, IQR interquartile range, STESS status epilepticus severity score, EMSE epidemiology-based mortality score in status epilepticus.