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. 2021 Dec 20;11:24250. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-03555-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Circadian IES rate and seizure cycles. (A) Average normalized daily IES rate, with superimposed seizure onset (black circles) relative to clock time. Six hundred and twenty seven total seizures. To aid visualization two periods of the averaged cycle are displayed. Day/night periods are indicated by white/black bars at the bottom of each plot. Ultradian IES rate cycles are evident as minor daytime peaks in the canines and are most clearly seen in Dogs 6 and 7. The human subject has a pronounced nocturnal IES peak. (B) Seizure phase locking to the circadian IES rate cycle. Five subjects had significant seizure phase locking to the circadian spike rate cycle (marked by ‘*’ next to the subject identifier in (A)). There was no clear group level phase preference of seizure timing relative to the circadian spike rate cycle.