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. 2021 Dec 20;11:24250. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-03555-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Thalamic DBS modulates IES and seizure cycles in epilepsy. (A) Spectrogram of hourly average IES rate during DBS-off baseline, low frequency DBS, and high frequency DBS. (B) Amplitude spectral density of IES rate for pet dogs D6 and D7 and human subject H1. H1 shows frequency specific modulation of the ultradian, circadian and multiday IES rhythms. Similarly, DBS in canines modulated the amplitude of ultradian and circadian rhythms. The impact on multiday canine rhythms was unclear because of inadequate sampling. (C) Violin plots of circadian and multiday spike rate cycle amplitude in human and pet canines. (D) Thalamic DBS also modulates seizure clustering with low frequency ANT DBS reducing overall seizure counts. ANT anterior nucleus of thalamus, D6 and D7 dog 6 and 7, DBS deep brain stimulation, IES Interictal epileptiform spike.