Table 1.

Four potential drug-targeting mechanisms for PD may constitute repurposing opportunities for existing drugs.

Gene	Outcome (tissue)	Drug name	Clinical phase	Indications/Uses
CHRNB1	Risk (brain)	Rocuronium	Approved	Muscle relaxant in anaesthesia
NDUFAF2	Risk (brain)	Metformin	Approved	Type 2 diabetes mellitus, polycystic ovarian syndrome
RHD	Dyskinesia (brain)	Roledumab	Phase 2	Prevent alloimmunisation in Rhesus negative mothers carrying a Rhesus positive child
VKORC1	Risk (blood)	Warfarin	Approved	Prophylactic anticoagulation *high risk of falls in Parkinson’s disease

These drugs are either approved or in clinical trial phase, and the mechanism of action is consistent with the direction of our MR effect estimate. The second column displays the potential effect on PD and target tissue. Clinical phase and drug indication based on https://clinicaltrials.gov/ and the British National Formulary. Direction of effect was confirmed using https://www.drugbank.ca or https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/ databases.