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. 2021 Dec 20;11:24221. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-03200-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Shows the peri-cue and peri-feedback time histograms for several example single units from each of the brain regions recorded from both NHPs. These units were chosen qualitatively. Each cue and result pair in a column are from an individual and distinct unit. Here we show units that qualitatively represent either valence-like or motivational-intensity-like response patterns. Units were binned and z-score normalized throughout a session. This normalized firing rate was then averaged for each valence level, defined as the reward level minus the punishment level for a given trial, or each motivational intensity level, defined as the reward level plus the punishment level for a given trial. Individual units demonstrated a range of responses following cue presentation and before and after feedback.