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. 2021 Dec 20;11:24221. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-03200-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Modulation (up or down) for units with significant divisive normalization from two NHPs for three sensorimotor brain regions. (a) shows population analysis for reward modulation. (b) shows punishment modulation. Orange bars indicate the number of units with down-modulation, while the blue bars show the number of units with up modulation. Numbers at the top of each column are the percentage of units with up modulation.