Figure 4.

Integration of non-classical vitamin D actions conferring renoprotection. Vitamin D protects against CKD progression through direct inhibition of systemic inflammation, hypertension and renal klotho reductions; indirect attenuation of the reductions in renal klotho content through the control of its most potent downregulators, systemic inflammation and hypertension; inhibition of the release of miR106b-5p by pro-inflammatory monocyte-macrophages, a novel link between inflammation with renin-dependent hypertension.