TABLE 1.
Characteristics of participants by gender, n (%).
| Characteristic | Total (1512) | Male (1108) | Female (404) | p | |
| Grade | 0.027 | ||||
| Freshman | 406 (26.85) | 311 (76.60) | 95 (23.40) | ||
| Sophomore | 408 (26.98) | 307 (75.25) | 101 (24.75) | ||
| Junior | 463 (30.62) | 316 (68.25) | 147 (31.75) | ||
| Senior | 235 (15.54) | 174 (74.04) | 61 (25.96) | ||
| Place of hometown | 0.254 | ||||
| Urban | 993 (65.67) | 737 (74.22) | 256 (25.78) | ||
| Rural | 519 (34.33) | 371 (71.48) | 148 (28.52) | ||
| Ethnicity | 0.060 | ||||
| Han Chinese | 1,388 (91.80) | 1,026 (73.92) | 362 (26.08) | ||
| Minority nationality | 124 (8.20) | 82 (66.13) | 42 (33.87) | ||
| Monthly allowances (RMB) | 0.145 | ||||
| <1,000 | 188 (12.43) | 141 (75.00) | 47 (25.00) | ||
| 1,000–1,499 | 511 (33.80) | 379 (74.17) | 132 (25.83) | ||
| 1,500–1,999 | 395 (26.12) | 294 (74.43) | 101 (25.57) | ||
| 2,000–2,499 | 231 (15.28) | 172 (74.46) | 59 (25.54) | ||
| 2,500–2,999 | 66 (4.37) | 40 (60.61) | 26 (39.39) | ||
| ≥3,000 | 121 (8.00) | 82 (67.77) | 39 (32.23) | ||
| Relationship status | 0.387 | ||||
| Not dating nor married | 870 (57.54) | 627 (56.59) | 243 (60.15) | ||
| Dating but unmarried | 537 (35.52) | 398 (35.92) | 139 (34.41) | ||
| Married | 64 (4.23) | 52 (4.69) | 12 (2.97) | ||
| Others | 41 (2.71) | 31 (2.80) | 10 (2.48) | ||
| Insomnia | 0.983 | ||||
| No | 630 (41.67) | 465 (73.81) | 165 (26.19) | ||
| Seldom (≤3 times/month) | 451 (29.83) | 327 (72.51) | 124 (27.49) | ||
| Sometimes (1–2 times/week) | 280 (18.52) | 205 (73.21) | 75 (26.79) | ||
| Often (3–5 times/week) | 113 (7.47) | 84 (74.34) | 29 (25.66) | ||
| Daily | 38 (2.51) | 27 (71.05) | 11 (28.95) | ||
| Cigarette use | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 1187 (78.51) | 822 (69.25) | 365 (30.75) | ||
| Ex-smoker | 190 (12.57) | 162 (85.26) | 28 (14.74) | ||
| Current smoker | 135 (8.93) | 124 (91.85) | 11 (8.15) | ||
| Alcohol use | <0.001 | ||||
| Never | 874 (57.80) | 575 (65.79) | 299 (34.21) | ||
| Sometimes (1–4 times/month) | 559 (36.97) | 470 (84.08) | 89 (15.92) | ||
| Often (>4 times/month) | 79 (5.22) | 63 (79.75) | 16 (20.25) | ||
|
| |||||
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | p | ||
|
| |||||
| Age (years) | 21.20 ± 4.25 | 21.27 ± 4.27 | 21.00 ± 4.19 | 0.273 | |
| DASS-Depression | 27.03 ± 9.82 | 27.51 ± 9.82 | 25.73 ± 9.71 | <0.001 | |
| DASS-Anxiety | 26.21 ± 9.72 | 26.73 ± 9.69 | 24.80 ± 9.67 | <0.001 | |
| DASS-Stress | 23.59 ± 8.11 | 23.84 ± 8.10 | 22.89 ± 8.10 | 0.022 | |
Bold value for p < 0.05.