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. 2021 Dec 7;12:787307. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.787307

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Copyright © 2021 Barca, Foray, Hermann, Herrlinger, Remory, Laoui, Schäfers, Grauer, Zinnhardt and Jacobs

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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CSF-1R inhibition monotherapy in stroke. (A) Previous studies on brain pre-conditioning reported the absence of microglial cells within the first days post ischemia (acute phase) worsened disease outcomes, including increased brain injury, peripheral infiltration and pro-inflammatory signaling, ultimately leading to aggravated neurodeficits. (B) Long-term treatment reveals the existence of an Iba-1⁺ (microglia/macrophages) cell population resistant to CSF-1R inhibition while global expression of inflammation-related markers was decreased. Long-term CSF-1R inhibition starting right after surgery led to aggravated motor functions, partly explained by homeostatic imbalance and impaired infarct reperfusion (88). Created with Biorender.com.