Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics (n = 264)
| Characteristics | Mean±SD or n (%) |
|---|---|
| Age | 68.4±8.8 |
| Gender | |
| Male | 236 (89.4) |
| Female | 28 (10.6) |
| Residence | |
| Urban | 247 (93.6) |
| Rural area | 17 (6.4) |
| Education | |
| Primary school or lower | 48 (18.2) |
| Middle school | 161 (61.0) |
| College | 18 (6.8) |
| University or higher | 37 (14.0) |
| Employment status | |
| Currently working | 24 (9.1) |
| Retired | 220 (83.3) |
| Other | 20 (7.6) |
| Medical insurance | |
| No insurance | 14 (5.3) |
| Urban Residents Medical Insurance | 196 (74.2) |
| Free Medical Service | 24 (9.1) |
| Medical Insurance outside Beijing | 30 (11.4) |
| Smoking status | |
| Current smokers | 70 (26.5) |
| Former smokers | 160 (60.6) |
| Never smokers | 34 (12.9) |
| Smoking index (pack-year) a | 35.0 ± 21.8 |
| Modified MRC dyspnea scale | |
| 0 | 32 (12.1) |
| 1 | 95 (36.0) |
| 2 | 78 (29.6) |
| 3 | 46 (17.4) |
| 4 | 13 (4.9) |
| Frequency of hospitalization due to COPD exacerbation in 2019 (/year) | 0.27 ± 0.62 |
| Frequency of hospitalization due to COPD exacerbation in 2020 (/year) | 0.17 ± 0.46 |
| Comorbidities | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 40 (15.2) |
| Cardiovascular diseases | 86 (32.6) |
| Tumors | 18 (6.8) |
| Chronic liver or renal diseases | 5 (1.9) |
| Autoimmune diseases | 3 (1.1) |
| None of the above | 139 (52.7) |
| Pharmacological treatment | |
| ICS/LABA | 121 (56.0) |
| LAMA | 105 (48.6) |
| LABA/LAMA | 22 (10.2) |
| LABA/LAMA/ICS (fixed dose triple therapy) | 29 (13.4) |
| SABA or SAMA | 13 (6.9) |
Notes: Data are presented as Mean ± SD or n (%). aSmoking index was calculated in current and former smokers.
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; MRC, Medical Research Council; ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; LABA, long-acting β-agonist; lAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonist; SABA, short-acting β-agonist; SAMA, short-acting muscarinic antagonist.