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. 2021 Dec 7;12:762437. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.762437

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Copyright © 2021 Vatner, Zhang, Vyzas, Mishra, Graham and Vatner.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Aortic stiffness was increased in in vivo (A) and in vascular smooth muscle cells (B) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) compared with Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. (C) Distribution of force was also higher at all levels of indentation in old vs. young SHR. (D) Excised aortic rings from young (16 weeks old) and old (64 weeks old) WKY and SHR were mechanically stretched, and their stiffness was determined from the stress-strain relationship, as shown for representative rings. Stress was greater in old vs. young SHR and WKY rats at any level of strain. (E) Aortic stiffness was increased in the SHR more than WKY in young rats, and was further increased in old SHR. (F) VSMC stiffness was also increased more in SHR than WKY at both young and old ages, and with greater increases observed in old age. *p < 0.05 (reprint from Sehgel et al., 2013, 2015a).