Table 2.
Prevalence of Perceived Environmental Facilitators for and Barriers to Outdoor Mobility by Modifications in Walking 2 km at Baseline (N = 848).
| No walking modifications (n = 285) | Adaptive walking modifications (n = 325) | Maladaptive walking modifications (n = 238) | p-value | Adjusted p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Facilitators | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | ||
| Nature | |||||
| Park or other green area | 43.2 (123) | 42.5 (138) | 34.9 (83) | .107 | .244 |
| Walking trail and skiing track | 75.1 (214) | 56.6 (184) | 37.0 (88) | <.001 | <.001 |
| Nature and lakeside | 80.7 (230) | 71.7 (233) | 64.3 (153) | <.001 | <.001 |
| Infrastructure | |||||
| Good lighting | 43.9 (125) | 40.6 (132) | 25.6 (61) | <.001 | <.001 |
| Peaceful and good quality walkways | 55.8 (159) | 52.3 (170) | 41.2 (98) | .003 | .014 |
| Even sidewalks | 26.0 (74) | 34.8 (113) | 27.3 (65) | .038 | .118 |
| Resting places by the walking route | 15.8 (45) | 24.9 (81) | 19.3 (46) | .018 | .064 |
| Walkways without steep hills | 11.6 (33) | 16.3 (53) | 10.1 (24) | .065 | .173 |
| Services close | 48.4 (138) | 48.3 (157) | 31.9 (76) | <.001 | <.001 |
| Safe crossings: traffic lights, zebra crossing, or traffic island between lanes | 25.6 (73) | 28.3 (92) | 16.0 (38) | .003 | .014 |
| Safety | |||||
| Familiar environment | 70.2 (200) | 64.6 (210) | 54.2 (129) | .001 | .006 |
| Appealing scenery | 74.0 (211) | 68.9 (224) | 58.4 (139) | .001 | .006 |
| Own yard | 55.8 (159) | 58.2 (189) | 58.0 (138) | .815 | .893 |
| Other people outdoors motivate | 24.2 (69) | 22.2 (72) | 16.0 (38) | .060 | .163 |
| No car traffic | 15.8 (45) | 14.2 (46) | 8.8 (21) | .052 | .148 |
| No cyclists on walkways | 4.9 (14) | 4.9 (16) | 4.2 (10) | .907 | .937 |
| Barriers | |||||
| Nature | |||||
| Hills in the nearby environment | 11.9 (34) | 28.0 (91) | 31.9 (76) | <.001 | <.001 |
| Snow and ice in winter | 36.8 (105) | 64.0 (208) | 57.1 (136) | <.001 | <.001 |
| Infrastructure | |||||
| Poor street condition | 15.1 (43) | 21.5 (70) | 19.3 (46) | .121 | .257 |
| High curbs | 2.5 (7) | 8.3 (27) | 12.6 (30) | <.001 | <.001 |
| Lack of pedestrian zones | 1.8 (5) | 1.4 (12) | 1.2 (10) | .227 | .388 |
| Long distances to services | 4.2 (12) | 9.2 (30) | 24.4 (58) | <.001 | <.001 |
| Lack of resting places, summer | 6.0 (17) | 18.5 (60) | 23.5 (56) | <.001 | <.001 |
| Lack of resting places, winter | 7.4 (21) | 24.0 (78) | 25.2 (60) | <.001 | <.001 |
| Poor lighting | 2.5 (7) | 5.2 (17) | 1.7 (4) | .041 | .124 |
| Safety | |||||
| Noisy traffic | 1.8 (5) | 5.5 (18) | 3.8 (9) | .050 | .145 |
| Busy traffic | 4.6 (13) | 10.8 (35) | 9.7 (23) | .015 | .058 |
| Dangerous crossroads | 6.7 (19) | 12.0 (39) | 8.4 (20) | .066 | .173 |
| Vehicles on walkways | 1.4 (4) | 1.5 (5) | 2.1 (5) | .807 | .893 |
| Cyclists in the walkways | 16.8 (48) | 23.7 (77) | 14.7 (35) | .015 | .058 |
| Insecurity due to other pedestrians | 4.6 (13) | 7.1 (23) | 4.2 (10) | .242 | .406 |
Note. Tested with chi-square test. False discovery rates (adjusted p-values) were calculated to correct for multiple testing. Statistically significant values are bolded.