Table 4.
Cross-Sectional Associations of Perceived Environmental Barriers to Outdoor Mobility with Walking Modifications in Community-Dwelling Older People. Odds are Reported for those with Adaptive Modifications (n = 319) and Maladaptive Modifications (n = 227) versus those with No Modifications (n = 281, reference).
| Barrier | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adaptive walking modifications (n = 319) | Maladaptive walking modifications (n = 227) | Adaptive walking modifications (n = 319) | Maladaptive walking modifications (n = 227) | |||||
| OR (95% CI) | Adjusted p-value | OR (95% CI) | Adjusted p-value | OR (95% CI) | Adjusted p-value | OR (95% CI) | Adjusted p-value | |
| Sum of nature barriers | ||||||||
| 1 versus 0 | 2.3 (1.6–3.3) | <.001 | 2.1 (1.4–3.1) | <.001 | 1.8 (1.2–2.7) | .014 | 1.2 (.8–1.9) | .609 |
| 2 versus 0 | 5.0 (1.6–3.3) | <.001 | 4.2 (2.3–7.5) | <.001 | 3.5 (2.0–6.2) | <.001 | 2.0 (1.0–3.8) | .128 |
| Sum of infrastructure barriers | ||||||||
| 1 versus 0 | 1.6 (1.1–2.5) | .065 | 1.9 (1.2–3.1) | .023 | 1.4 (.9–2.1) | .339 | 1.3 (.8–2.3) | .494 |
| ≥2 versus 0 | 3.8 (2.3–6.3) | <.001 | 5.1 (3.0–8.6) | <.001 | 2.5 (1.4–4.2) | .006 | 2.3 (1.3–4.2) | .029 |
| Sum of safety barriers | ||||||||
| 1 versus 0 | 1.5 (1.0–2.3) | .155 | .9 (.5–1.5) | .775 | 1.3 (.8–2.0) | .500 | .7 (.4–1.3) | .468 |
| ≥2 versus 0 | 2.1 (1.3–3.7) | .018 | 1.2 (.6–2.2) | .730 | 1.4 (.8–2.4) | .494 | .6 (.3–1.2) | .305 |
| Item specific | ||||||||
| Nature | ||||||||
| Hills in the nearby environment | 2.6 (1.7–4.0) | <.001 | 3.0 (1.8–4.7) | <.001 | 2.0 (1.2–3.2) | .018 | 1.9 (1.1–3.3) | .060 |
| Snow and ice in winter | 2.8 (2.0–4.0) | <.001 | 2.0 (1.4–3.0) | <.001 | 2.2 (1.6–3.2) | <.001 | 1.2 (.8–1.8) | .644 |
| Infrastructure | ||||||||
| Poor street condition | 1.4 (.9–2.2) | .194 | 1.2 (.7–1.9) | .626 | 1.1 (.7–1.7) | .911 | .7 (.4–1.2) | .291 |
| High curbs | 3.1 (1.3–7.4) | .028 | 4.6 (1.9–11.0) | .004 | 1.7 (.6–4.4) | .472 | 1.2 (.4–3.3) | .872 |
| Lack of pedestrian zones | 2.2 (.8–6.6) | .242 | 2.7 (.9–8.5) | .159 | 2.9 (.9–9.5) | .210 | 3.6 (1.0–13.3) | .162 |
| Long distances to services | 2.0 (1.0–4.1) | .111 | 6.1 (3.1–11.9) | <.001 | 1.8 (.8–3.8) | .275 | 4.5 (2.1–9.6) | <.001 |
| Lack of resting places, summer | 3.1 (1.7–5.5) | <.001 | 3.9 (2.2–7.1) | <.001 | 2.0 (1.1–3.7) | .085 | 2.1 (1.1–4.0) | .094 |
| Lack of resting places, winter | 3.4 (2.0–5.7) | <.001 | 3.2 (1.8–5.6) | <.001 | 2.3 (1.3–4.0) | .018 | 1.8 (1.0–3.3) | .178 |
| Poor lighting | 2.3 (.9–5.8) | .151 | .7 (.2–2.6) | .755 | 1.7 (.6–4.7) | .447 | .4 (.1–1.7) | .380 |
| Safety | ||||||||
| Noisy traffic | 3.2 (1.2–8.9) | .065 | 2.2 (.7–6.9) | .282 | 2.1 (.7–6.3) | .348 | 1.5 (.4–5.3) | .730 |
| Busy traffic | 2.5 (1.3–4.8) | .028 | 2.2 (1.1–4.6) | .094 | 1.8 (.9–3.8) | .229 | 1.5 (.7–3.4) | .502 |
| Dangerous crossroads | 1.8 (1.0–3.3) | .106 | 1.2 (.6–2.4) | .722 | 1.4 (.8–2.6) | .473 | .9 (.4–1.8) | .840 |
| Vehicles on walkways | 1.1 (.3–4.4) | .922 | 1.5 (.4–6.3) | .726 | .8 (.2–3.4) | .872 | .7 (.1–3.9) | .864 |
| Cyclists in the walkways | 1.4 (.9–2.2) | .182 | .8 (.5–1.3) | .428 | 1.1 (.7–1.8) | .809 | .5 (.3–.9) | .064 |
| Insecurity due to other pedestrians | 1.6 (.8–3.3) | .288 | 1.0 (.4–2.4) | .992 | 1.0 (.5–2.2) | .981 | .4 (.2–1.2) | .257 |
Note. Multinomial logistic regression analyses. Reference category: no walking modifications. Model 1: Adjusted for age and sex. Model 2: Adjusted for age, sex, years of education, depressive symptoms, chronic conditions, and lower extremity function. OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval. False discovery rates (adjusted p-values) were calculated to correct for multiple testing. Statistically significant values are bolded.