Table 6.
Perceived Environmental Barriers to Outdoor Mobility as Predictors of Use of Adaptive or Maladaptive Walking Modifications over 2-Year Follow-Up in Community-Dwelling Older People.
| Barrier | Adaptive walking modifications (N = 218)a | Maladaptive walking modifications (N = 610)b | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
| OR (95% CI) | Adjusted p-value | OR (95% CI) | Adjusted p-value | OR (95% CI) | Adjusted p-value | OR (95% CI) | Adjusted p-value | |
| Sum of nature barriers | ||||||||
| 1 versus 0 | 1.0 (.3–3.2) | .992 | .3 (.1–1.3) | .244 | 2.4 (1.4–3.9) | .004 | 1.9 (1.1–3.2) | .058 |
| 2 versus 0 | 1.2 (.7–2.3) | .726 | 1.0 (.5–2.0) | .937 | 1.7 (1.2–2.5) | .023 | 1.4 (.9–2.1) | .244 |
| Sum of infrastructure barriers | ||||||||
| 1 versus 0 | 3.1 (1.0–9.7) | .114 | 1.2 (.3–4.4) | .872 | 1.6 (1.0–2.5) | .116 | 1.3 (.8–2.1) | .502 |
| ≥2 versus 0 | .8 (.4–1.8) | .770 | .5 (.2–1.2) | .244 | 1.2 (.7–1.8) | .722 | 1.0 (.6–1.6) | .971 |
| Sum of safety barriers | ||||||||
| 1 versus 0 | 1.9 (.7–5.1) | .298 | .7 (.3–1.8) | .923 | 1.2 (.7–2.0) | .728 | .9 (.5–1.6) | .872 |
| ≥2 versus 0 | .6 (.3–1.4) | .372 | .3 (.1–.8) | .076 | 1.4 (.9–2.3) | .198 | 1.3 (.8–2.1) | .384 |
| Item specific | ||||||||
| Nature | ||||||||
| Hills in the nearby environment | 1.6 (.7–4.1) | .446 | .9 (.3–2.4) | .872 | 1.7 (1.1–2.5) | .056 | 1.5 (1.0–2.3) | .185 |
| Snow and ice in winter | 1.0 (.5–1.7) | .926 | .6 (.3–1.3) | .339 | 1.8 (1.3–2.6) | .004 | 1.5 (1.1–2.2) | .093 |
| Infrastructure | ||||||||
| Poor street condition | .9 (.4–2.0) | .883 | .5 (.2–1.4) | .333 | 1.5 (1.0–2.3) | .136 | 1.3 (.8–2.0) | .406 |
| High curbs | 6.0 (.6–63.5) | .240 | 6.3 (.4–98.6) | .340 | 1.7 (.9–3.5) | .237 | 1.2 (.6–2.6) | .809 |
| Lack of pedestrian zones | 1.8 (.3–11.6) | .713 | 1.2 (.1–12.1) | .923 | 1.0 (.3–3.1) | .992 | 1.3 (.4–4.2) | .809 |
| Long distances to services | 1.1 (.3–4.0) | .977 | .3 (.1–1.5) | .305 | 1.0 (.5–1.9) | .992 | 1.0 (.5–1.9) | .946 |
| Lack of resting places, summer | 7.3 (1.5–35.3) | .040 | 3.7 (.7–19.1) | .261 | 1.4 (.8–2.3) | .354 | 1.1 (.6–1.9) | .872 |
| Lack of resting places, winter | 2.6 (.7–9.2) | .248 | 1.2 (.3–4.7) | .893 | 1.5 (1.0–2.4) | .160 | 1.2 (.7–2.0) | .607 |
| Poor lighting | 1.3 (.2–8.0) | .896 | .7 (.1–6.7) | .872 | 1.2 (.5–2.9) | .755 | .9 (.4–2.2) | .872 |
| Safety | ||||||||
| Noisy traffic | 1.4 (.2–10.5) | .854 | .6 (.1–5.6) | .809 | 1.0 (.4–2.5) | .992 | .7 (.3–1.9) | .667 |
| Busy traffic | 1.0 (.2–4.0) | .992 | .8 (.2–3.8) | .872 | 2.0 (1.1–3.6) | .082 | 1.7 (.9–3.2) | .256 |
| Dangerous crossroads | 3.7 (1.0–12.7) | .107 | 2.7 (.7–10.8) | .321 | 1.3 (.7–2.2) | .610 | 1.1 (.6–1.9) | .893 |
| Vehicles on walkways | .5 (.1–5.8) | .727 | .2 (.0–3.5) | .450 | .9 (.2–3.5) | .910 | .8 (.2–3.4) | .872 |
| Cyclists in the walkways | .8 (.4–1.7) | .730 | .4 (.2–1.1) | .173 | 1.3 (.8–1.9) | .446 | 1.2 (.7–1.8) | .704 |
| Insecurity due to other pedestrians | 2.5 (.8–8.0) | .237 | .9 (.2–3.3) | .893 | 1.0 (.5–2.1) | .992 | .8 (.4–1.7) | .809 |
Note. Development of adaptive and maladaptive walking modifications was analyzed in separate models by using binary logistic regression models. Model 1: adjusted for age and sex. Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, years of education, depressive symptoms, chronic conditions, and lower extremity function. OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval. False discovery rates (adjusted p-values) were calculated to correct for multiple testing. Statistically significant values are bolded.
Reference category: no walking modifications.
Reference category: no and adaptive walking modifications.