Table 4.
Neuroprotective and regenerative effects of small-molecule hormone, metabolite, and vitamin administration reported in two or more separate articles.
| Outcome | Melatonin* | Methylthioadenosine | Progesterone* | Sobetirome | T3 hormone* | Vitamin D3* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Increased viability of OPC and/or OLG | ✓ | ✓ | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓ | ||
| Preserved quantity, function, or integrity of neurons/axons | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Protected against myelin loss and/or atrophy and lesions | ✓ | ✓✓ | ✓✓ | ✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓ |
| Reduced CNS oxidative stress, apoptosis, or cellular dysfunction | ✓✓ | ✓✓ | ||||
| Suppressed inflammatory microglial and/or astrocyte activation | ✓ | ✓✓ | ✓ | |||
| Promoted NPC/OPC proliferation or differentiation | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Induced migration and recruitment of NPC/OPC | ✓ | |||||
| Induced formation of new myelin | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Improved neurological function (physical or cognitive) | ✓ | ✓✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Relevant miscellaneous effect | Increased brain sulfatide levels; Regulated CNS calcium proteins | |||||
| Animal models/clinical studies | Cuprizone | Cuprizone | Cuprizone | Cuprizone, LPC, and NMO | Cuprizone and LPC | Cuprizone and LPC |
LPC: lysophosphatidylcholine; NMO: neuromyelitis optica; NPC: neural precursor cell; OLG: oligodendrocyte; OPC: oligodendrocyte precursor cell; T3: triiodothyronine.
Each check (✓) represents an observed outcome from an individual study.
*
Indicates existing FDA or Health Canada approval.